history_-_britain_1830-85_representation_and_refrom_20230227145133

Question 1

Government Jobs

Answer 1

Raising taxes, army/navy, dealing with disorder, fighting wars, foreign policy.

Question 2

The Monarchy

Answer 2

Appointed Ministers of the State, ensuring the Crown had a major influence of politics.

Question 3

House of Lords

Answer 3

Leaders of the Army, Civil Service, Church of England. Major property owners, owned the constituencies that sent MP’s to the Commons. Can oppose with the King any proposals put forward from the Commons.

Question 4

House of Commons

Answer 4

658 MP’s all elected. Electors didn’t vote on party instead personal/local issues. No Formal parties, groups Tories and Whigs. Unpaid job many thought they would just do it.

Question 5

Counties

Answer 5

Each county could send 2 MP’s no matter the size

Question 6

Boroughs

Answer 6

Important towns/villages in the Counties of which could send 2 MP’s. Boroughs set up in Medieval times, needed enough status to warrant an MP

Question 7

Rotton Boroughs

Answer 7

Few voters/habitants of which still sent 2 MP’s. Old Sarum has 11 voters, Dunwich 44 houses.

Question 8

Industrial Towns

Answer 8

Manchester 182,000, Leeds 123,000 and Birmingham 144,000 didn’t send a single representative to parliament. Boroughs set up in Medieval times

Question 9

Who could vote

Answer 9

Qualifications - County, freehold property worth £2 or more. Borough more complicated, variance to whether a lot or only a few could vote.

Question 10

Burgage Boroughs

Answer 10

Handed down from father to son

Question 11

Pot Wollaper

Answer 11

Hearth (fireplace) no claiming poor relief (modern day benefits)

Question 12

Scot and Lot

Answer 12

All men who paid certain ancient taxes.

Question 13

Amount of voters in 1831

Answer 13

Population 24 million, voters 500,000

Question 14

Elections

Answer 14

Every 7 years, Treating where people paid for transport/board/lodgings/banquet of the people going to vote for them. Voting wasn’t secret.

Question 15

Pocket boroughs

Answer 15

When a landowner supported a candidate, where the landowner had enough property to be able to control the election. Worker, lose job on his land ect.

Question 16

Corn Laws

Answer 16

1815 - 1846 Protect the price of wheat against foreign competition. Protect the landlords against people buying cheaper corn, of which would benefit the rising population/poor. Immense resentment to the aristocracy.

Question 17

The Spa Fields Meeting

Answer 17

1816 - Reformer followers of Thomas Spence,wanted to nationalise land/abolish all taxes apart from income ta, Islington London. Hunt addressed the audience. Part of the crowd rioted and marched on London.

Question 18

Pentridge Rising

Answer 18

1817 - Unemployed textile workers, decided to try and take Nottingham Castle. ‘Oliver’ a spy reported this to the authorities and the military were waiting for them. Led by Jeremiah Brandreth, hanged.

Question 19

The Blanketeers

Answer 19

1817 - Unemployed workers mainly weavers from Manchester planned a march on London, to give a petition to the Prince Regent, demanding parliamentary reform. Carried blankets of which to sleep in.

Question 20

Peterloo

Answer 20

1819 - 60,000 men/women/children, St Peters field Manchester. Listen to HH criticise government/demand reform. Yeomanry/400 constables. Magistrates felt Manchester danger, military through the crowd to help Yeo killing/injuring women/men and children, 11 died.

Question 21

The Six Acts

Answer 21

1819 - Determination to end peaceful protests. Stamp duty extended to all papers, protest literature. Magistrates power to search homes for political pamphlets. Private military training/amassing weapons was illegal.

Question 22

Significance of the Six Acts

Answer 22

A powerful attack upon the radical movements. Legal protest was impossible by 1820.

Question 23

Manufacturing Interests

Answer 23

The established industrial towns,t he factory/mill owners realised they had no representation. 1812 Birmingham manufacturers tried to get their man elected in the county election, but it failed.

Question 24

British Election and Revolution in France

Answer 24

General election coincided with the 1830 French Revolution, keeping the excitement. Overruled the landowner in Yorkshire county elections, Henry Brougham

Question 25

Distress in towns and Countryside

Answer 25

Bad harvests in 1829 and 1830 and a trade slump in 1830. Cholera epidemic in 1831-32. High poor rates (taxes for benefits), high unemployment, poor trade, low wages.

Question 26

BPU

Answer 26

First Political Union founded in 1829, by Thomas Attwood. 15,000 people attended the first meeting. 1832 100,000 people attended meetings. It was able to unite both middle and working class men.

Question 27

Political Unions

Answer 27

Leeds, three unions. Not all unions wanted same reform. Francis Place created National Political Unions, manufa… interests. Henry Hether… and William Lovett wanted every man vote. Public interest kept idea alive.

Question 28

The Press

Answer 28

Many leading London newspapers were for some kind of reform. Strong link with the Political unions, keeping the idea of reform alive, reading articles ect.

Question 29

Tory attitudes to Reform

Answer 29

Defended the monarch and the Church of England and advocated strong measure to maintain law and order. Lord Liverpool, in contorl of the Tory government, stroke retired, fragmented the Tories dividing them.

Question 30

Whig attitudes to Reform

Answer 30

Like the Tories defended their own interest and property. Lord John Russell campaigned for reform.

Question 31

1830 Election

Answer 31

King George IV died, another General Election, few formers in power, actions like Henry Brougham, too few to take charge of government, Tories continued in Power.

Question 32

Tories Out Whigs In

Answer 32

Duke of Wellington defended the current system, not going to change it. Tories joined to Whigs, leading to a fall in Government. No Tory government could be formed so William asked Earl Grey.

Question 33

Leading to the Reform Bill

Answer 33

The Lords and King were very against any reform bill, although the country was in uproar, maybe fearing revolution William agreed to Grey’s demands.

Question 34

The First reform Bill (March)

Answer 34

1831 - Proposals met with enthusiasm from the people. Henry Hether… opposed it as he wanted more to be enfranchised. Majority of one, Grey perusaded William to dissolve parliament and hold a General Election.

Question 35

1831 General Election

Answer 35

Earl Grey had a majority of 120 seats in the House of Commons. Second reform bill introduced, although majority of House of Lords were against Parliamentary reform.

Question 36

The Second Reform Bill/Effects (July)

Answer 36

1831 - The bill faied by 41 votes the reaction was very violent, riots in cities and small towns, DofW house smashed, Newspapers had black boarders, sign of mourning. CofE attacked five voted for it, protests/marches.

Question 37

Third Reform Bill

Answer 37

December 1831 passed commons, Lords had delaying tactics, King refused to create new peers, so the Whig Government resigned.

Question 38

The days of May

Answer 38

1832 - Country erupted in riots and rallies, Attwood and Place stopped DofW being able to form a government. BPU said 200,000 people would march on London. Peel refused to work with Wellington. Asked Grey to take over. Passed 1832

Question 39

Catholic Emancipation

Answer 39

Allowed voting rights to be given to Catholics, therefore to be able to put Catholics in the House of Lords. Pressure to do so to prevent civil war, split with the ultra tories and the government. Loss of support for DofW and Robert Peel.

Question 40

Swing Riots

Answer 40

1830 - Messages are sent to Landowners in norfol/Suffolk, as they didn’t like the mechanisation of the farming industry. Threaten to lynch the farmers, causing upset and fear.

Question 41

Chandos Clause After

Answer 41

Allowed tenants-at-will paying £50 rent to vote. These people could have their tenancy ended at will and therefore always supported the Tory Landowners, thus trying to cancel out the loss of pocket/rotten boroughs.

Question 42

Social composition of the Commons After

Answer 42

No sudden increase in middle classes, still the aristocracy, between 70 and 80 percent represented landed interests. Fewer than 100 middle class.

Question 43

Electoral Corruption/Elections After

Answer 43

Estimated the number of people voting increased by 500% more contested elections. Treating still a vital part of elections, more competition may have increased this treating.

Question 44

John Cartwright

Answer 44

Wanted the vote for all men and annual elections. Set up clubs for his supporters, Hampden clubs of which there were 40 in Lancashire alone. Early influence of parliamentary reform.

Question 45

William Cobbett

Answer 45

Began the Political Register urging parliamentary reform. Found a loophole in the Stamp Duty and sold his newspaper for a 2 pence. 200,000 were sold in two months. Early influence of parliamentary reform.

Question 46

Henry Hunt

Answer 46

Political orator speaking in favour of parliamentary reform, imprisoned in the Peterloo massacre another early influencer of parliamentary reform. 1832 didn’t go far enough for him.

Question 47

Thomas Attwood

Answer 47

Founder of the BPU, was able to unite both the working and middle classes to reform under one movement. Wanted representation for the big cities.

Question 48

Lord John Russell

Answer 48

Whig leader in the Commons, drafted the 1832 reform act. Anti the Corn laws and along with Peel ended the law in 1846. Resigned in 1866 when further reform to enfranchise more people was turned down.

Question 49

Thomas Cooper

Answer 49

Physical Force Chartist of which was found guilty of organising the Plug Riots, spending 2 years in jail.

Question 50

Fergus O’Connor

Answer 50

Physical Force Chartist, started the Northern Star campaigning for parliamentary reform, 1837. Launched his Land plan, people bought plots of land practise self sufficiency. Most read and influential radical paper, selling thousands of copies per week.

Question 51

James Bronterre O’Brien

Answer 51

Published articles in the ‘Northern Star’ and ‘The Poor mans Guardian’. Supported both physical force chartism and moral force chartism.

Question 52

Henry Hetherington

Answer 52

Set up his own printing press and the Poor mans Guardian, selling 22,000 copies a week. Imprisoned twice for selling without stamp duty. Helped draw up the Charter. Moral Force Chartist

Question 53

William Lovett

Answer 53

Moral Force Chartist, formed the London Working Men’s Association (LMWA) with Hetherington. Drew up a list of demands for parliamentary reform.

Question 54

Beginnings of Charitism

Answer 54

Lovett and Francis Place, set up the London Working Mens Association (LWMA). Hetherington treasurer, Lovett drew up the People’s Charter. Published and circulated along with a petition.

Question 55

Harney’s Beginnings

Answer 55

Set up the East London Democratic Association in 1837, changed name to London Democratic Association, aimed to attract the unskilled workers and those favouring physical force chartism.

Question 56

Betrayal of the 1832 Reform Act

Answer 56

The 1832 act didn’t include the majority of working class men, Regional variation, concerning the valuation of housing, better in London than Leeds.

Question 57

Poor Law Amendment of 1834

Answer 57

An aim was to reduce the burden of on the rates of poor relief, therefore middle and aristocracy paid less poor relief tax, creating a gap between the middle and working classes.

Question 58

Underserving Poor

Answer 58

Able bodied poor, fit enough to work, although don’t work as they cannot find or don’t want to.

Question 59

Deserving Poor

Answer 59

Poor, through no fault of their own, orphans, sick and the old, widows.

Question 60

Economic Depression

Answer 60

A slump in trade between 1837-42 caused unemployment low wages and the price of bread soared. People affected became chartists. Dependance on the American Cotton crop, believed chartism was the answer.

Question 61

Achieve Aims Northern Star

Answer 61

1837 establishment, reported on speeches and ideas, selling 36,000 copies a week, greater audience as it was passed on and read aloud, illiteracy.

Question 62

Chartist Meetings

Answer 62

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