history_-_equality_in_the_usa_20230227145128 Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
American Constitution
A
Written in 1787, adopted in 1788. Rights, duties and structure of government in America.
2
Q
Bill of rights
A
Addition to the constitution in 1791 - Sets out freedoms that all Americans should enjoy.
3
Q
Civil war
A
‘Slave states’ in the south and the ‘Free states’ in the north. The north won led, by Abraham Lincoln.
4
Q
Freedom of all slavery
A
Abraham Lincoln, leading the North, declared that the freedom of all American slaves in his 1862 Emancipation Proclamation.
5
Q
13th Amendment
A
Made slavery illegal.
6
Q
Civil war dates
A
1861-1865
7
Q
14th Amendment
A
Give citizenship to all people born in the United States, guaranteeing the rights of people formerly slaves.
8
Q
15th Amendment
A
Gave all citizens voting rights.
9
Q
Jim Crow Laws
A
1890 and 1910 - Legal segregation. Denying blacks access to facilities used by whites. Healthcare, education, transport and public facilities were segregated.
10
Q
Black voting rights
A
Southern states prevented blacks voting - Grandfather clauses, Literacy tests.
11
Q
Good old time Negro
A
Rich whites used blacks to nurse, care for children, cook/clean houses. Intimate relationship. Inferior race, that are happy to be segregated and serve for whites. Hired people that fit to stereotype.
12
Q
The Ku Klux Klan
A
Radical white supremacy group, targeting blacks romantic, prosperous, challenged segregation. Lynched victims. 1900, 115 cases. Policemen, judges, politicians, no justice. Birth of a nation - vulnerable whites against blacks $10m ($220m)
13
Q
Plessy vs Ferguson
A
1896 - Court case showing that segregation was unconstitutional. Train ride Louisiana white area, violated 14 amendment everyone equal. Supreme court - separate but equal.
14
Q
North Conditions for Blacks - Good
A
Little legally forced segregation. South agriculture, north industrial. WW1 ‘great migration’ 500,000 moved north, economic boom 1920. Pay was better. Easier to vote.
15
Q
Philip Randolph
A
Organised first successful black union - Brotherhood of Sleeping car porters
16
Q
North Conditions for Blacks - Bad
A
Huge discrimination and racism. Payed less than whites, forced to live in undesirable neighbourhoods. Ghettos - black population, poor facilities. Economic deprivation.
17
Q
Plessy v. Ferguson
A
1896.
18
Q
To secure these rights
A
1947.
19
Q
Desegregation of the army
A
1948, Executive order 9981.
20
Q
NAACP founded
A
1909.
21
Q
Smith v. Allwright
A
1944.
22
Q
Morgan v. Virginia
A
1946.
23
Q
Sweatt v. Painter
A
1950.
24
Q
Brown v. The Board of Education I (Topeka)
A
1954.
25
Brown v. The Board of Education II
1955.
26
Emmitt Till Lynched
1955.
27
Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955-56.
28
Browder v. Gayle
1956.
29
The Little Rock Campaign
1957.
30
Greensboro Sit-ins
1960.
31
The Freedom Rides
1961.
32
The Albany Campaign
1961-62.
33
James Meredith and the University of Mississippi
1962.
34
The Birmingham Campaign
1963.
35
March on Washington
1963.
36
Mississippi Freedom Summer
1964.
37
Selma Campaign
1965.
38
Moynihan Report
1965.
39
Chicago Freedom Movement
1966.
40
The Poor Peoples Campaign
1968.
41
The Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike
1968.
42
King Assassination
1968.
43
J.F.K. Assassination
1963.
44
Lyndon Johnson Presidential Reign
1963-69.
45
John F. Kennedy Presidential Reign
1961-63.
46
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Reign
1953-61.
47
Malcolm X Assassination
1965.
48
Watt Riots (Los Angeles)
1965.
49
Shooting of James Meredith
1966.
50
SNCC embrace violence
1968.
51
Black Panther Party Founded
1966.
52
Black Panther Party Disbanded
1977.
53
Vietnam War
1954.
54
Emancipation Proclamation
Declared the freedom of all Slaves in 1862
55
14th Amendment
1868 - Gave citizenship to all Americans, rights to former slaves
56
15th Amendment
1870 - Gave all citizens voting rights regardless of race
57
Jim Crow Laws
1890 - 1910 -Legal Segregation, education transport healthcare and public facilities
58
Voting Rights of Black Americans
Grandfather Clause, literacy tests not applied fairly disenfranchising black people.
59
Klu Klux Klan
Defender of White Supremacists. Lynching, in 1900 115 lynchings occurred. 1915-1929 Politicians, police, judges were part of the Klan, little justice. 'Birth of a Nation' film glorified the Klan, $10m made.
60
Plessy vs. Ferguson
1896 - Homer Plessy showed Jim Crow violated the constitution. Segregation violated the 14th amendment. Segregation lawful, equally good. Influential, legal foundation, although Jim Crow enforced across the South.
61
Conditions in the North
- Little Forced segregation- North industrial, 'Great Migration', 500,000,1 920's Pay better- Black union created 'Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters'- Easier to vote in the North
62
Conclusion
Underpaid, Ghetto's, not slaves anymore
63
2nd World War
Over 1.2m black joined, trained in rural South witnessed segregation. Worse equipment training, different vehicles/operations.
64
Fair Employment Practices Commission
Executive Order in 1941, forced not to discriminate, threatening of march by Philip Randolph. Black migration to cities, 25% lived in cities in 1940. 1950, 1/3 lived in the North. Showed pressure on Government favour equality.
65
Voting
Before War - less than 2%, 1945 - 15% black population. Cities had a huge population, balance of power for voting. Voted William Dawson 1943 and Adam Powell 1945 to congress. William Haist, Federal Judge in 1949.
66
Detroit Riots
1943 - 34 people died, racial violence
67
To Secure these Rights
1947 - Highlighted the need to change. Recommendations, not achievable due to congress.
68
Appointments
Ralph Bunche - American Ambassador to the U.N| William Haist - 1949 Federal Judge
69
Executive Orders - Truman
Order 9980 - Guaranteed fair employment Practices in the civi service.Order 10308 - Prevented lending money to segregated housing projects.Order 9981 - 1948 Desegregating the Army
70
Truman was Successful
First President to commit himself to civil rights since Lincoln. TSTR showed the scale of inequalities, recommendations fulfilled executive orders
71
Truman limited achievements
FEPC (fair emplo...) underfunded/lacked support from s. civil servants. Housing initiative failed, houses poorly built decreased housing to blacks . Not comprehensive enough to deal with racism at all levels of American Society.
72
Smith Vs. Allwright
Smith Vs. Allwright, 1944 - Voting right in Texas, could vote in congressional, not primary, primary determined congressional. NAACP, applied to the whole of America.
73
Morgan Vs. Virginia
Morgan Vs. Virginia, 1946 - Segregation on interstate bus services. Violated her constitutional rights. NAACP, segregation on the interstate bus service was illegal
74
De Jure / De Facto
De Jure - Change in Laws| De Facto - Change in Practice
75
Sweatt Vs. Painter
Sweatt Vs. Painter, 1950 - Texas Law School, segregated, other schools not equal, Supreme court allowed Sweatt to go to the University.
76
Brown Vs. Board Of Education of Topeka
Brown Vs. Board Of Education of Topeka, 1954 - NAACP, supreme court challenging separate but equal. Impossible separate and equal, segregation in schools illegal. Significant marked start of an end to separate but equal.
77
White Backlash to Brown
White Backlash to Brown, White Citizens Council to keep segregation/private schools created. Increase in KKK activities, Emmett Till 1955 lynched.
78
Eisenhower's Segregation view
De Jure Change incapable of De Facto change. Infuriate Whites to oppose civil rights. Earl Warren appointment 'The biggest damned-fool mistake I ever made'
79
Brown II
Brown II, 1955 - De Jure victory had little De facto change. Desegregation of school should occur with 'all deliberate speed'. NAACP thought this to be vague.
80
Significance of Brown
Won a case at the heart of segregation. Warren sympathetic to civil rights. Failed to deliver 1957 only 750 of 6300 south schools desegregated. Stimulates massive resistance KKK, WCC, police judges ect all against deseg.
81
Conclusion
Campaigning methods changed. Court cases, De Jure change produced little De Facto change.
82
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-1956 - Segregated Busses, Rosa Parks (1955) refused to give up seat. Direct action, refused to use service. Hit companies hard, main revenue. King fined put into prison, gained media attention.
83
Browder Vs. Gayle
Browder Vs. Gayle, 1956 - Boycott didn't change segregation, NAACP ended with a court case making the segregation illegal.
84
Significance of BvsG and MBB
Significance of BvsG and MBB, Power of black citizens ($). Direct action and legal, Media the injustice. MLK national attention, length to defend segregation, overturn Plessy vs Ferguson. Led to the establishment of the Sothern Christian Leader.. Conference
85
Little Rock Campaign
Little Rock Campaign, 1957 - De facto segregation little progress, enrolling 9 students. National guard to prevent, Eisenhower orders to withdraw them. Racists prevented enrolling.
86
Significance of Little Rock
Significance of Little Rock, NAACP Cooper Vs. Aaron 1958, illegal to prevent desegregation. Testing Court Rulings ensuring De facto change. Eisenhower forced to intervene, support desegregation, authority of President. Showed the extent to oppose integration.
87
Greensboro Sit-ins
Greensboro Sit-ins, 1960 - Sitting in white only areas, escalated protest. 1 week six states, spread wade-in read-ins ect. 1961 70,000 people has engaged in the sit-ins. MLK and SNCC involvement Student Non violent Coordinating Committee.
88
Significance of Sit-ins
Significance of Sit-ins, Increased CivRig organisations, Cooperate. Campaigns spread quickly. Media, increasing support for civil rights. Attacked all aspects of segregation. Showed the economic power. 1961 810 towns had desegregated public spaces 6 month after.
89
The Freedom Rides 1961
The Freedom Rides, 1961 - To test Morgan vs Virginia, organised by CORE/SNCC. Use media attention, Bull Connor, gave no protection and gave police day off, racists to attack. Montgomery refused to protect. King gave a speech, enforced desegregation on the bus services Robert Kennedy.
90
Significance of Freedom Rides
Significance of Freedom Rides, Cooperative between the civil rights groups. New Kennedy administration was sympathetic to civil rights.
91
Albany Campaign
Albany Campaign, 1961-1962 - Laurie Pritchett new approach not giving media attention. King arrested then released.
92
Significance of Albany
Significance of Albany, Peaceful protests didn't always work. Splits in the organisations, some wanting more violent measures
93
James Meredith University
James Meredith University, 1962 - James first black student at Uni of Mississ... Ross Barnett refused entry. Protestors on enrolment day, Rob Kennedy sent national Guard to protect, riot 2 died.
94
Conclusion of the Early Movement
1955-62 - The power of the civil rights movement, although the government were reactive to the individual case rather than the fully committing to the cause
95
Why Birmingham
Knew Bull Connor would react violently, worst cases of segregation, 10% registered to vote, no black civil servants, banned the NAACP.
96
Goals for Birmingham
Organised by the SCLC, targetted segregation shopping areas, admin buildings, schools, public places.
97
Birmingham Campaign
1963 - King arrested for marching. Month later, James Bevel SCLC, young people to join in, imprisoned 1300 children attacked/fire hosed children, media attention. John Kennedy, support for the bill to end segregation.
98
Communists and Birmingham
Embarrassment for America, 1/5 of radio time dedicated to the protest in Soviet Union, American Corruption, soviet superiority.
99
Significance of Birmingham
SCLC and the authorities negotiated desegregation terms. Protestors released, department store desegregated discrimination in employment ended. Greater sympathy for civil rights, Kennedy's public commitment to civil rights bill
100
Problems with Birmingham
Schools/public places not desegregated. 4 months later KKK bombed Sixteenth Street Baptist Church killing 4 young girls. King and SCLC condemned for using young children in danger.
101
March On Washington
March On Washington, 1963 - NAACP, CORE, SNCC, SCLC organised a march, emancipation proclamation. 20% white, 250,000 people attended, Lincoln memorial.
102
Significance of Washington
Significance of Washington, Significant white support in the march, media attention to the march. Solidified support for the civil rights legislation
103
Mississippi Freedom Summer
Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964 - CORE, SNCC, NAACP voter registration in Mississ.... 1962 6.2% could vote lowest. 800 volunteers, many white helped blacks to the vote. KKK and police resisted, 30 homes/37 churches firebombed 80 beatings 30 shootings.
104
Significance of the Missi...
Breakdown in relationship with President Johnson, realisation that the political system was racist
105
Selma Campaign
1965 - Ongoing campaign to register black people to vote. 1% could vote Sheriff likely to use violence. SNCC/SCLC involvement. March to Montgomery 1st attempt tear gas whips, 2nd stopped by King/President Johnson.
106
Significance of Selma
Highlighted black registration to vote problems. Media attention was drawn increasing support. Cooperation between CORE, SNCC, SCLC. king stopped the march with Johnson, criticisms, extent to trust federal government.
107
Why did King focus on the North
Civil rights act desegregated the South, did very little to the North. Little segregation, more racial discrimination in social and economic forms.
108
Moynihan Report
1965 - Economic position of black people. High levels of crime/poor living conditions. Hoped to promote equality, report blamed black people for their economic problems, incapable of helping themselves.
109
Significance of the Moynihan Report
Significance of the Moynihan Report, Created further tension between the liberal politicians like Johnson and black radicals. Used by whites to argue against government help.
110
The Chicago Freedom Movement
The Chicago Freedom Movement , 1966 - SCLC and CCCO, Kings first in the North. Hot day fire hydrants police came riot started. Target housing, 1000 police unable to deal white protestors. Forced to negotiate Mayor Daley, re-election promises of housing ignored
111
King's quote on Chicago
King's quote on Chicago - I have never seen even in Mississippi and Alabama mobs as hostile as I have seen in Chicago
112
Significance of Chicago
Significance of Chicago, Criticisms of King, lost faith in SCLC. Misjudged situation in the North. Lost connection with Johnson, revealed scale of black problems, change segregation with laws, this required finance, Vitenam
113
The Poor Peoples Campaign
The Poor Peoples Campaign, 1968 - Coalition of all races, Italian, Irish, Puerto Rican ect. Campaign together for better standard of living. Johnson didn't support the plans, Vietnam war created divisions/diverted resources, raise money themselves.
114
Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike
1968 - Refused to recognise the workers union, tear gas, King asked to help. Economic goals increase income. Marchers started to riot/loot, reporting King lead a violent march. King was assassinated.
115
Significance of his assassination
Symbol of civil rights movement, Johnson day of mourning. Violence broke out across America 130 cities 29 states.
116
Eisenhower 1953-61
Eisenhower 1953-61, Position would improve of its own accord, not the governments job to intervene. Reluctance to get involved with little rock. Two civil rights act.
117
1957 Civil Rights Act
1957 Civil Rights Act, Voting rights of Americans, penalties for those preventing blacks to vote.
118
1960 Civil Rights Act
1960 Civil Rights Act, Required authorities to record voter registration, increasing black voters by 3%
119
John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy, Sympathetic to Civil Rights, called Coretta King, highly publicised. Slow to use his powers. Little advance, Southern White Congress. 5 black judges to Federal Court. Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity CEEO, March on Washington where he really started the Bill.
120
Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon B. Johnson, Civil Rights, the 'Great Society' America a fairer plac.
121
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Civil Rights Act of 1964, Outlawed the Segregation of any public space, Fair Employment Practices permanent. Ended legal Segregation across the South.
122
Voting Right Act of 1965
Voting Right Act of 1965, Outlawed Tests preventing people from voting
123
Civil Right Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act)
Civil Right Act of 1968 (Fair Housing Act), Outlawed Discrimination in the selling of houses.
124
Role of Congress
Role of Congress, Changed : Exposure of violence. Campaigns, support it couldn't oppose it for longer. Johnson knew how to exploit congress ensuring the bill was passed. 1964 Congressional election South replace by liberal, legacy fo Kennedy
125
Role of the Supreme Court
Role of the Supreme Court, Eisenhower's decision to appoint Earl Warren as Chief Justice. Supreme court cases picked apart segregation. Activist were able to use laws to enforce the change.
126
Conclusion
Conclusion, Supreme Court used its power to to support desegregation, needed support of the President/Congress couldn't guarantee de facto change from de jure. Necessary to remove desegregation.
127
Eisenhower Opposition
Eisenhower Opposition, Rarely took the initiative, reactionary change.
128
Lyndon Johnson Opposition
Lyndon Johnson Opposition, King criticised him in Vietnam, critical of Kings Chicago Campaign, didn't support the Poor Peoples Campaign.
129
Opposition from Congress
Opposition from Congress, Filibusters - where people talked for a long time, tried to destroy the civil rights acts
130
Nation of Islam
Advocated separatism, believed in Black supremacy.
131
Malcolm X's Beliefs
Malcolm X, Believed that King and the SNCC/NAACP were taken in the the 'American Dream'. America founded on slavery/white supremacy.
132
Black Nationalism
Political Black Nationalism - Self determination, black should govern themselvesEconomic Black Nationalism - Black people should control the economy within their community.
133
Self Defence
Contradicts King's non violence break sterotype of weak/defenceless.
134
Break With Nation of Islam
Elijah Mohammed grew jealous of his fame / Malcolm X embarrassed the Nation of Islam, Malcolm left in 1964.
135
Organisation of Afro-American Unity
Left the Nation of Islam/created this. Link between struggle against white oppression and the anti colonial struggle in Africa. Organise/reeducate black people.
136
Assassination of Malcolm X
1965 - Shot 15 times, reports it was Elijah Mohammed.
137
Significance of Malcolm X
His ability to express the feeling of the black working class, his organisation collapsed but their ideas were key to other groups.
138
The Black Panther Party (BPP)
1966 - Most radical organisations, all black, prepared to use violent to revolutionarily transform America
139
Aims of the BPP
Aims of the BPP, To organise the Black Working classes, working on the self defence of black people and economic improvements.
140
10 point programme
Necessary for the liberation of Black peopleRanging from Economic wealth fare, safety/defence of black people.
141
Ideology of the BPP
Black nationalists 2 types. Combined the black struggle with the colonialism of other countries. Mao ect. Called for black not to fight the Vietnam war.
142
Methods
'Patrol the pigs' Keep the police under surveillance, protect against police brutality. Planned programmes of Free breakfast/healthcare/liberation schools.
143
Persecution/Decline of BPP
Persecution/Decline of BPP, Government paranoid that a leader might emerge and threaten the government. COINTELPRO involvement. FBI, send forged death threats to leaders to destroy from within. Disagreements from the leaders.
144
Political/economic achievements of Black Power
Didn't solve the social/economic problems, offered practical help to blacks living in ghettos and kept the movement in the political agenda.
145
Organising Northern Blacks
SNCC/BPP were attractive to black people self determination/commitment to addressing the economic problems of the ghettos. Organise high profile campaigns to address the issues.
146
Black Panther Initiatives
Black Panther Initiatives, Educational/healthcare initatives helped 10,000's. Sickle cell anaemia, end of the decade 49 BPP clinics across America. Illinois Peoples Free Healthcare Centres treated 2000 first month. Brought illness to national attention, National Sickle.. Control Act ensuring money/funding to research.
147
Black Identity
Black Identity, Slavery/segregation terrible toll on Black people. Leaders recognised the need for Blacks to be proud of themselves. Malcolm X didn't want a slave owner surname. Rejection of the term Negros/coloured related to racism/segregation.
148
Media Portrayal of Black people
Star Trek, highly trained black characters
149
Conclusion
Black Power had an enormous effect on black culture/society, emphasis on pride and self-help. High profile campaigns drew attention to Senator Stennis who tried to prevent the community projects. Other minority groups took the ideology and integrated it into theirs
150
Initial Disagreements
The goals for Black people and the methods to be used to achieve these goals. Competition between leaders for media attention, public recognition.
151
Moderate Groups
NAACP/NUL worked with legal system/courts and their willingness to work with white people.
152
Radical Groups
CORE/SNCC advocated self defence. SCLC, criticised by the moderates for being too radical, while radicals criticised them for being moderate.
153
Sources of Tension
The use of Violence Amount of cooperation with white peopleHow far De Jure change with ensure De Facto changeExtent of integration
154
Non-violent vs. Peaceful
SNCC/CORE used non violent because King proved it worked. Non violent gained media attention, violence created a division between Government.
155
Destructive Tensions
Damaged Kings reputation not the spokesperson for every black man in America. SNCC and CORE no longer prepared to work with NAACP/SCLC/NUL no national campaigns
156
Conclusion
The unity of the 1960's a facade of personal rivalries/political disagreements. Breakdown of the civil rights movement due to the radicalisation of the CORE/SNCC, the growing influence of Malcolm X, government can easily deal with non violent protests.
157
Plessey v. Fergusen
1896 - Violated the American Constitution, Homer Plessey, 14th amendment, sat in white area of train. Separate but equal facilities.
158
Smith v. Allwright
1944 - Texas, primary elections determined the congressional elections, black excluded from the primary elections. 15th amendment outlawed across America.
159
Morgan v. Virginia
1946 - Inter state bus service, Irene Morgan fined $100 refusing to give up seat. Violated her constitutional rights, supreme court announced interstate segregation illegal
160
Sweatt v. Painter
1950 - Heman Sweatt Texas Law, new law school rejected fewer teachers, book and students. Supreme court allowed the admission of Sweatt.
161
Brown v. The board of Education of Topeka I
1954 - Forced to attend a black school 20 block, white school nearer. Supreme court announced segregation was illegal in American schools. Impossible for separate and equal.
162
5 reason for Brown I
- End Separate but equal- Rise in black middle class, understanding system, pressure- Poor quality for 60 years, resources wise integrate better - Earl Warren new Chief Judge more sympathetic to BCR
163
Brown II
1954 - De Jure victory, no De Facto change. NAACP asked for a timetable, reply 'all deliberate speed' - too vague.
164
Browder v. Gayle
1956 - Made the segregation of buses illegal
165
1896.
Plessy V. Ferguson
166
1909.
NAACP Founded
167
1947.
To Secure these Rights
168
1948.
Desegregation of the Army
169
1944.
Smith v. Allwright
170
1946.
Morgan v. Virginia
171
1950.
Sweatt v. Painter
172
1954.
Brown v. The Board of Education I (Topeka)| Start of the Vietnam War
173
1955.
Brown v. The Board of Education II (Topeka)| Emmitt Till Lynched
174
1955-56.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
175
1956.
Browder v. Gayle
176
1957.
The Little Rock Campaign
177
1960.
Greensboro sit-ins
178
1961.
Freedom Rides
179
1962.
James Meredith and the University of Mississippi
180
1963.
March on Washington| Birmingham Campaign
181
1964.
Mississippi Freedom Summer
182
1965.
Selma Campaign Moynihan ReportMalcolm X AssassinationWatt Riots (Los Angeles)
183
1966.
Chicago Freedom CampaignShooting of James MeredithBlack Panther Party Founded
184
1968.
Poor People's CampaignThe Memphis Sanitation Workers StrikeKing Assassination
185
1963.
J.F.K. Assassination
186
1963-69.
Lyndon Johnson Presidential Reign
187
1961-63.
John F. Kennedy Presidential Reign
188
1977.
Black Panther Party Disbanded.
