kaiser_to_fuhrer_1919-32_20230227145057 Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
Why Right were Angry
A
Treaty of Versailles, reduced army to 100,000 men, mean Freikorps were disbanded who fought Comm. The reduction of the Army went against the ideals of the Freikorp/Army.
2
Q
Kapp Putsch
A
1920 - Freikorps entered Berlin physically controlled Germany, due to the Weimar Government fleeing.
3
Q
Army Significance
A
Ideological similarities right and Army. Groups didn’t support WeiRep, TofVer and ‘Stab in the back myth’. Army + Freikorp, apart of Putsch, similar beliefs allowed Kapp seize Germany Army didn’t support Gov to suppress it.
4
Q
Right Overall
A
Demonstrates the fragility WeiRep, allowed to be taken over. WeiRep dependant on unreliable Army to protect, became powerful, not controlled by the President Ebert, who was the Commander-in-Chief of Army.
5
Q
Left Wing Europe
A
Europe Communist uprisings, Hungary established Communist government. Successful Russ Rev, allowed the left to believe that they too could establish Bolshevism within Germany.
6
Q
Sparticist Uprising
A
1919 - Attempted overthrow WeiGov. This was only an attempt however, due to the fact that it was crushed by the right wing opposition, the Freikorps and the Army.
7
Q
Left Failure Reason
A
Bolshevism too radical for people/organisations, the Army. Threat of disbanding Army creation of workers militia’s instead, if Bolshevism took power. Army believed Comm eradicated consolidate gov remove threats from left.
8
Q
Ebert-Groener Pact
A
1918, ensuring that the Government would be protected from the left.
9
Q
Left ↑ Threat
A
This was because regions of Germany attempted to establish Soviet-style republic’s. Saxony was one of these regions where a republic was set up in 1923.
10
Q
Left Overall
A
Republics implies support for Comm high, gov. action forced shows threat to gov. Comm to Ger, ideological than physical. Spartacist + republics no physical change to, both not successful, support of Army stability to the WeiRep.
11
Q
Economic Situation
A
Germany paid for WW1, borrow funds, needed to be paid back. Germany blamed - reparations. Germany could only pay for their borrowing/reparations by printing money - hyperinflation.
12
Q
Social Consequences
A
Wages didn’t rise with inflation conditions within worsened, difficult to pay for food/coal. Decline in living standards ↑ support for radical parties, for ↑ people disillusioned with the WeiRep.
13
Q
Social Overall
A
The radicalisation of the population fromt he social conditions, key factor to future events, Spartacist + Kapp, increased support, allowing them to take place and pose a threat to the stability of the Republic.
14
Q
Electoral Vote of Left
A
15% - More Ideological threat to establishment
15
Q
Munich Putsch
A
TO DO TO DO TO DO TO DO
16
Q
Fringe Extremists Events
A
Spartacist uprisingKapp PutschBeer Hall Putsch
17
Q
Treaty of Versailles
A
War Guilt Clause Forced to pay £6600 reparations, majority of Germans humiliated. Stab in the back politicians in Weimar government. Shame, humiliation of the TofV gave opponents support.
18
Q
Proportional Representation
A
No single party won a majority of the seats parties had to share power, coalition governments. Weakened WeiRep coalition governments could not agree and so governments collapsed.
19
Q
Proportional Representation Stats
A
1919-33, there were 20 separate coalition governments the longest lasted 2 years. Between 1930 - 1932 3 elections governments had collapsed. Changes made it weak/ unstable.
20
Q
Opposition
A
Comm wanted to end WeiRep/revolution - 1919 Spartacists, Nationalists right-wing takeover - Munich Putsch/Kapp Conservative elite also didn’t support the Weimar Republic.
21
Q
Economic Crisis
A
1929 Wall Street Crash. Germany reliant on US loans. 1932 6m Unemployed. Wei slow coalition gov can’t agree policy. ↓ faith with Wei became unpopular. 1932 ↓ unemployment benefit. Extremists, Comm/Nazis offered solutions/hope.
22
Q
Elections
A
Men and Women over the age of 20, very democratic.
23
Q
Welfare State
A
Provision for unemployed, 1920 equal representation law for workers/employers.
24
Q
When was the Sparticist Uprising
A
1920.
25
Why the Left opposed
The concept of Siegriede, as they believed the war was defensive, so why did they need to expand and take over Europe and use submarine warfare. All the sacrifices had been for nothing.
26
How it was stopped
Defeated by the Freikorps where 1200 people died.
27
Consequence
Showed how threatening Comm was to Gov. and was treaty harshly to remove chance of a Bolshevik Rev. Workers councils which were been set up, destroyed.
28
Army and the Right
The Army were completely sympathetic to the right wing parties, which shows in the decision to passively react to the Kapp Putsch.
29
Murder Statistics
376 overall between 1919-2222 of the 376 were from the left354 of 376 were from the right
30
Consequence of Kapp
The putsch produced physical change, showing how dependant the Gov. were on the unreliable Army, shows discontent and lack of control of the Army.
31
Army against Left
The left wanted to disband the army create workers militia's, higher command would lose their jobs, they believed in Weltpolitik and this wound't produce it.
32
Munich Putsch
1923. 14 Nazi's killed
33
Munich Putsch Failure?
Trying to seize power, a massive failure, but the proceeding events projected the Nazi party into the public view, able to have a long speech at his trial, judge sympathetic.
34
Hyperinflation
1923.
35
Causes
The funding of WW1, borrowing in War bonds, printed money to pay it off. Reparations printed more money to pay off.
36
Cause Why
They didn't want to increase taxation or cut expenditure, it would upset the working class
37
The Ruhr
Government proclaimed they couldn't pay reparations, France occupied the Ruhr. Print money to buy coal abroad and pay workers and can't get taxes.
38
Winners
Businessmen take loans pay back quickly, Jewish businessmen in particular.
39
Breakdown in Morality
Fritz Haarmann, murdered minimum of 24 people.
40
Losers
Unskilled workers lost 30% of their spending power, pensioners and savers.
41
Hitler and Nazi's
Helped with Anti-Semitism, as big business/banks were run by Jews. War veterans not looked after, shows how bad democracy is.
42
Solution
Introduction of Rentenmark by Streseman Nov 1923, then in 1924 converted back to Reichmark.
43
Social Consequence
Starvation/Cold/Lack of trust for Weimar, significant when the great depression came as well, people really hated Weimar.
44
Money Statistic
Jan 1919 - 170.00 (To ounce of gold)| Nov 1923 - 87,000,000,000,000.00
45
Dawes Plan
1924 - Receive loans from America, 18,000 million marks. Increased investment unemployment dropped 5% 1924 to 3% in 1925.
46
Weimar Voting
1924 - 52% Shows the popular support| 1928 - 73%
47
Coups
There were no more uprisings from the left or right in the period, most were content. No political figures assassinated.
48
Chancellors
Proportional Representation meant few majorities and coalition governments. 6 Chancellors between 1924-28.
49
President
Article 48 - Appoint/dismiss chancellors as he chooses, President has monopoly on ideology.
50
Society
Real hourly earnings increased, increased social expenditure,
51
Ruhr Lockout
1928 - Industrialists locked out 250,000 workers to break the power of trade unions and defeat compulsory arbitration, political wage setting.
52
Ruhr Lockout Significance
Showed how dependant people were on the over reaching welfare state, broadening the gap between the elite and the working. Weimar trying to win working votes.
53
Treaty of Berlin
1926 - Included military and economic exchanges with the USSR, improved the relation with the West, they were anti-comm.
54
Treaty of Versailles
Hope that changes to treaty would bring popularity domestically, although not radical enough and failed.
55
Young Plan
Reinforced to the people that they had to pay reparations, 6,000m marks instead of 136,000m previously. Fierce opposition from Right wing, only 14% rejected in Anti-Young campaign.
56
Nazi Vote
1928 - 3%| 1932 - 37%
57
Wall Street Crash
1929
58
Welfare Spending
1913 - 20%| 1932 - 106%
59
Unemployment/Businesses
1928 - 1.4 million1932 - Over 6m million 1/3 of German Workers by Winter1930-32 50,000 businesses bankrupt
60
Depression Effects on Wei
People still resented gov. for previous inflation crisis, effecting voting. Coalition government couldn't decide on policy, inaction.
61
Voting 1932
Rise in extremist parties KPD and Nazi1928-32:KPD - 3% to 6%Nazi - 1% to 12%
62
Rapallo Pact
1922 - Helped develop more relations with the USSR.
63
Withdraw of Ruhr
1924-5 - Stresemann helped negotiate the withdrawal of passive resistance and regained the Ruhr.
64
League of Nations
1926 - Given the power of a veto and the recognition of Germany being a global power.
65
Why Right were Angry
Treaty of Versailles, reduced army to 100,000 men, mean Freikorps were disbanded who fought Comm. The reduction of the Army went against the ideals of the Freikorp/Army.
66
Kapp Putsch
1920 - Freikorps entered Berlin physically controlled Germany, due to the Weimar Government fleeing.
67
Army Significance
Ideological similarities right and Army. Groups didn’t support WeiRep, TofVer and ‘Stab in the back myth’. Army + Freikorp, apart of Putsch, similar beliefs allowed Kapp seize Germany Army didn't support Gov to suppress it.
68
Right Overall - 1923
Demonstrates the fragility WeiRep, allowed to be taken over. WeiRep dependant on unreliable Army to protect, became powerful, not controlled by the President Ebert, who was the Commander-in-Chief of Army.
69
Left Wing Europe
Europe Communist uprisings, Hungary established Communist government. Successful Russ Rev, allowed the left to believe that they too could establish Bolshevism within Germany.
70
Sparticist Uprising
1919 - Attempted overthrow WeiGov. This was only an attempt however, due to the fact that it was crushed by the right wing opposition, the Freikorps and the Army.
71
Left Failure Reason
Bolshevism too radical for people/organisations, the Army. Threat of disbanding Army creation of workers militia’s instead, if Bolshevism took power. Army believed Comm eradicated consolidate gov remove threats from left.
72
Ebert-Groener Pact
1918, ensuring that the Government would be protected from the left.
73
Left ↑ Threat
This was because regions of Germany attempted to establish Soviet-style republic’s. Saxony was one of these regions where a republic was set up in 1923.
74
Left Overall - 1923
Republics implies support for Comm high, gov. action forced shows threat to gov. Comm to Ger, ideological than physical. Spartacist + republics no physical change to, both not successful, support of Army stability to the WeiRep.
75
Economic Situation - 1923
Germany paid for WW1, borrow funds, needed to be paid back. Germany blamed - reparations. Germany could only pay for their borrowing/reparations by printing money - hyperinflation.
76
Social Consequences - 1923
Wages didn’t rise with inflation conditions within worsened, difficult to pay for food/coal. Decline in living standards ↑ support for radical parties, for ↑ people disillusioned with the WeiRep.
77
Social Overall - 1923
The radicalisation of the population fromt he social conditions, key factor to future events, Spartacist + Kapp, increased support, allowing them to take place and pose a threat to the stability of the Republic.
78
Electoral Vote of Left - 1923
15% - More Ideological threat to establishment
79
Fringe Extremists Events
Spartacist uprisingKapp PutschBeer Hall Putsch
80
Treaty of Versailles
War Guilt Clause Forced to pay £6600 reparations, majority of Germans humiliated. Stab in the back politicians in Weimar government. Shame, humiliation of the TofV gave opponents support.
81
Proportional Representation
No single party won majority of seats parties share power, coalition governments. Weakened WeiRep coalition governments couldn't agree, governments collapsed. 6 Chancellors between 1924-28, no majority to use power.
82
Proportional Representation Stats
1919-33, there were 20 separate coalition governments the longest lasted 2 years. Between 1930 - 1932 3 elections governments had collapsed. Changes made it weak/ unstable.
83
Opposition
Comm wanted to end WeiRep/revolution - 1919 Spartacists, Nationalists right-wing takeover - Munich Putsch/Kapp Conservative elite also didn't support the Weimar Republic.
84
Economic Crisis
1929 Wall Street Crash. Germany reliant on US loans. 1932 6m Unemployed. Wei slow coalition gov can't agree policy. ↓ faith with Wei became unpopular. 1932 ↓ unemployment benefit. Extremists, Comm/Nazis offered solutions/hope.
85
Elections
Men and Women over the age of 20, very democratic.
86
Welfare State
Provision for unemployed, 1920 equal representation law for workers/employers.
87
When was the Sparticist Uprising
1919.
88
How it was stopped - Spartacist
Defeated by the Freikorps where 1200 people died.
89
Consequence - Sparacist
Showed how threatening Comm was to Gov. and was treaty harshly to remove chance of a Bolshevik Rev. Workers councils which were been set up, destroyed.
90
Army and the Right
The Army were completely sympathetic to the right wing parties, which shows in the decision to passively react to the Kapp Putsch.
91
Murder Statistics
376 overall between 1919-22 Organisation Consul22 of the 376 were from the left354 of 376 were from the right
92
Consequence of Kapp
The putsch produced physical change, showing how dependant the Gov. were on the unreliable Army, shows discontent and lack of control of the Army.
93
Munich Putsch
1923. 14 Nazi's killed
94
Munich Putsch Failure?
Tried to seize power, endorsed by Ludendorff, big failure, but event projected the Nazi party into the public view, able to have a long speech at his trial, judge sympathetic. Realised they had to work WITH the system.
95
Hyperinflation
1923.
96
Causes - Hyperinflation
The funding of WW1, borrowing in War bonds, printed money to pay it off. Reparations printed more money to pay off.
97
Cause Why - Hyperinflation
They didn't want to increase taxation or cut expenditure, it would upset the working class
98
The Ruhr - Hyperinflation
Government proclaimed they couldn't pay reparations, France occupied the Ruhr. Print money to buy coal abroad and pay workers and can't get taxes.
99
Breakdown in Morality - Hyperinflation
Fritz Haarmann, murdered minimum of 24 people.
100
Losers - Hyperinflation
Unskilled workers lost 30% of their spending power, pensioners and savers.
101
Hitler and Nazi's - Hyperinflation
Helped with Anti-Semitism, as big business/banks were run by Jews. War veterans not looked after, shows how bad democracy is.
102
Solution - Hyperinflation
Introduction of Rentenmark by Streseman Nov 1923, then in 1924 converted back to Reichmark.
103
Money Statistic - 1923
Jan 1919 - 170.00 (To ounce of gold)| Nov 1923 - 87 Trillion
104
Dawes Plan
1924 - Receive loans from America, 18,000 million marks. Increased investment unemployment dropped 5% 1924 to 3% in 1925.
105
Weimar Voting
1924 - 52% Shows the popular support| 1928 - 73%
106
Coups - Post 1923
There were no more uprisings from the left or right in the period, most were content. No political figures assassinated.
107
Chancellors
Proportional Representation meant few majorities and coalition governments. 6 Chancellors between 1924-28.
108
President
Article 48 - Appoint/dismiss chancellors as he chooses, President has monopoly on ideology.
109
Society
Real hourly earnings increased, increased social expenditure,
110
Treaty of Berlin
1926 - Included military and economic exchanges with the USSR, improved the relation with the West, they were anti-comm.
111
Treaty of Versailles
Hope that changes to treaty would bring popularity domestically, although not radical enough and failed.
112
Young Plan
Reinforced to the people that they had to pay reparations, 6,000m marks instead of 136,000m previously. Fierce opposition from Right wing, only 14% rejected in Anti-Young campaign.
113
Nazi Vote
1928 - 3%| 1932 - 37%
114
Wall Street Crash
1929
115
Welfare Spending
1913 - 20%| 1932 - 106%
116
Economics Argument Chancellorship
1932 - Exports reduced by 45%1932 - Over 6m million 1/3 of German Workers by Winter1930-32 50,000 businesses bankrupt
117
Depression Effects on Wei
People still resented gov. for previous inflation crisis, effecting voting. Coalition government couldn't decide on policy, inaction.
118
Rapallo Pact
1922 - Helped develop more relations with the USSR.
119
Withdraw of Ruhr
1924-5 - Stresemann helped negotiate the withdrawal of passive resistance and regained the Ruhr.
120
League of Nations
1926 - Given the power of a veto and the recognition of Germany being a global power.
121
Nazi Local Election big win
Schleswig-Holstein - 100% Wiefelstede - 68%25-28% in areas they hadn't targeted Northern Protestant
122
Nazi Membership
Under age of 30 - 61% by 19331932 - 800,0001928 - 100,0001929 - 178,000
123
The Centre Parties
The collapse of WeiRep reduced their support. DDP + DVP had - 1% 1932. Support moved to Nazi's.
124
Nazi Propaganda
Geobbells/Hitler had support of Alfred Hugenberg, used modern propaganda, newspaper + film. 800,000 votes 1928, 1932 after propaganda 13.7m.
125
Gaue’s
Party officials adapted policies to the areas, for example the provision of work and bread. Through this the Nazi’s understood that in Northern Protestant areas they had major support and could target other areas.
126
1933 WeiRep Support
March 1933 64.2% of the overall vote was for KDP/Nazi/USPD, whereas only 34% went towards pro Weimar parties. 1928, was that of 72.8%.
127
Nazi's Gain Authority
Differences between Hindenberg + Bruning, parliament dissolved ↑ extremist delegates. Parliament dissolved again extremists ↑ gains. Dissolving Nazi's ↓ 2m votes, KPD ↑ gains. Hitler appointed Papen as vice chancellor.
128
Papen vote of no confidence
512:42
129
Reason why not Hitler Talent
Other parties failed to co-operate, after grand coalition 6 Chancellors between 1924-28, didn't defend Weimar. Overall fear of Communism. Economic depression.
130
Weimar Doomed from Start?
Weimar = Stab in the back/reparationsSuffering under Weimar, Wall Street/HyperinflationExtremists 1/3 of vote / Welfare State
131
Nazi's Consolidation Opposition
By summer 100,000 trade unionists/communists/social democrats arrested.
132
Richard Evans Nazi Quote
A rainbow party of the discontented
133
Article 231
Germany accepts responsibility for WW1
134
Article 48
Available to preserve the republic, Ebert 1923 used give power to Army for Munich Putsch.Hindenberg used to gain majorities in Reich, Bruning 1930.Hitler used article 48 to destroy the republic and create the Nazi state in 1933.
135
Weimar Voting Support 24-28
1924 - 52%| 1928 - 73%
136
Locano Treaty
1925 - Improved international relations with western Europe.
137
Hindenburg
Elected president 1925, very undemocratic, but appointed Mueller in 1928, social democrat and upheld the constitution.
138
Golden Years Essay
- Politically Survived- Economic change over time - Culture, only in Berlin
139
Culture
500 cinemas, more than other Europe countries 1924-29 - Female and homosexual liberation, but not in rural areasAdvances alienated and divided the country.New Objectivity with Otto Dix
140
Streseman quote on Weimar
Dancing on the edge of a volcano
141
Stennes-Legion Agreement
1918 - Agreement between industrialists and unions| 8 hour day / union rights, for the removal of soviet influence
142
Problems with Weimar Constituiton
Proportional Representation coalition governmentsArticle 48 illegal use undermined particularly after 1930Article 54 allowed independent judiciary Only undermined by those that wanted to
143
Judiciary
Article 54 allowing independant judiciary, right wing letting hitler have 5 years, but the secretary of left revolutionary Kurt Eisner 11 years for breaking press rules in 1922.354 murders, 90 years combined sentence 22 murders 250 years combined sentence
144
Early way the Nazi's increased their profile
1920 - Bought a newspaper
145
Membership Nazi 1923
55,000
146
Hitler early re-organisation
1925 - Membership list creation1926 - Centralised decision making1926 - Franz Von Pfeffer head of SA to make it tamer1926 - Hitler Youth and Nazi Students Association
147
1928 Nazi Election
Re-organisation did very little reduced their vote to 2.6%, keeping only 12 seats.
148
Nazi Actions after 1928
Created groups to target part of society, allowing for specific targeted propaganda. Joseph Goebbels Saturation, leaflets, rallies and posters ect.
149
Specific Nazi Messages
Bread and work - workersAnti-semitism - small shop ownersAttack Weimar liberalism - conservative families
150
Age group specifically supported Nazism
1930 - 2/3 of the membership were under 40
151
Depression and Nazism
6m unemployed people sought radical options to convert their situation.
152
Nazi Vote
1924 - 1.9m1932 - 13.7m1933 - 11.7m
153
Nazi Targeting Tactic Quote
'Catch all party of protest' - Childers| 'Rainbow collection of the discontented' - Evans
154
Nazi % of Vote
1928 - 2.6%1930 - 18.31932 - 37.3 (July)
155
Rural %
1930 - Scored 25%-28% of the Protestant North vote with very little organisational effort.68% - Wiefelstede
156
Middle Class
DDP/DVP declined to 1% in 1932, Nazi's took vote. Feared Comm, Nazi's protect them, reputation of brutality to Comm gained support. Loss of income/saving from depression.
157
Voted Nazi after 1930
Middle/Upper - Strong| Small towns and the rural protestant north
158
Working Class
ome conservative nationalists, hit by depression Nazism offered solution, attracted bread/work promise National Socialism allowed reforms. Majority stayed KPD/SPD.
159
Propaganda and Voting
Alfred Hugenberg, Press and Film Baron, leader of DVNP, combined two parties, huge contributions. Allowed Nazi propaganda to grow significantly, particularly 1928 and 1930. Legitimise Party.
160
Demise of the Left
1929 - Wall Street Crash, left wanted to tax and couldn't reduce social policies to get money, still reparations, very unpopular people didn't have money/job social policies were the Left attraction.
161
Reichstag Fire
1933 - Showed threat of Communism, Hitler used this to secure his chancellorship and become total dictator.
162
Stresemann and Exports
40% rise in 1925-30
163
Unemployment
Didn't fall below 1.3m before 1929
164
Reichstag laws
1920 - Reich relief and disabled support1924 - Relief support codified1927 - Unemployment insurance law
165
Increased Left Chancellorship
Hindenburg Anti-Democracy allowed Right powerKPD - 1932 89 seats, increased to 100NSDAP - 1932 230, reduced to 1961933 - 64.2% of the overall vote was for KDP/Nazi/USPD
166
Local Election Big Win's
Wiefelstede - 68% 193065% of voters were from overwhelmingly protestant areas25-28% in areas they hadn't targeted Northern Protestant
167
How they won
They targeted the lower middle class becoming more discontent/promise the banning of imports for farmers.
168
Nazi Membership
Under age of 30 - 61% by 19331932 - 800,0001928 - 100,0001929 - 178,000
169
The Centre Parties
The collapse of WeiRep reduced their support. DDP + DVP had - 1% 1932. Support moved to Nazi's.
170
Nazi Propaganda
Geobbells/Hitler had support of Alfred Hugenberg, used modern propaganda, newspaper + film. 800,000 votes 1928, 1932 after propaganda 13.7m.
