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HIV/AIDS Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Which HIV is most common

A

HIV I

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2
Q

What does HIV stand for

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

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3
Q

Where do we believe that HIV originated from

A

Chimpanzees

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4
Q

What does AIDS stand for

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

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5
Q

Which two criteria are needed to call the patient AIDS

A

Opportunistic infections and T cells under 200

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6
Q

What type of virus is HIV

A

Retrovirus

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7
Q

Do HIV virus RNA or DNA

A

RNA

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8
Q

How many genes does HIV have

A

Nine

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9
Q

Which enzymes does HIV need to carry with it

A

Reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase

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10
Q

Is HIB enveloped or non-enveloped

A

Enveloped (has spikes)

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11
Q

How is HIV transmitted from one person to another

A

Sex, blood, mother to baby

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12
Q

Mother to baby transmission is also defined as

A

Vertical transfer

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13
Q

What are the chances of the baby contracting HIV from a mother who takes no precautions against prevention

A

30%

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14
Q

What are some preventative measures pregnant women can take to decrease the chances of transmitting HIV to their baby

A

Take antivirals, have a C-section delivery, no breast-feeding, baby takes antivirals after birth

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15
Q

What are the chances of a baby contracting HIV from a mother who does take precautions

A

1%

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16
Q

Which type of cell receptors does HIV target

A

Cell with CD4 receptors in co receptors

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17
Q

Which type of cell does HIV attack

A

Macrophages, Dendritic cells, helper T cells

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18
Q

What are some possible co receptors

A

CCR5 or CXCR4

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19
Q

After the HIV virus fuses with the cell and I’m coats, what is the first enzyme that comes into play

A

Reverse transcriptase takes the RNA to DNA

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20
Q

What other enzymes helps with the integration process

A

Integrase

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21
Q

After the virus has integrated does it go latents or remain active

A

Either – it can go latent or go active

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22
Q

What’s the virus called when it becomes integrated

23
Q

What is the third enzyme that comes into play

24
Q

What does protease do

Study These Flashcards
A

Cuts proteins

Makes the cut so proteins can fold into a functioning protein

25
How does a HIV get out of the cell
It buds out
26
What does it mean to have a latent HIV infection
The virus is not making more of itself (not active) | Acting as a reservoir that I can become active at a later date
27
In which immune system does HIV use mechanisms to avoid the system
Both cellular and humoral systems
28
Although killer T cells can do a pretty good job at attacking the HIV virus, why can't killer T cells completely get rid of the virus
Because of the reservoirs --> HIV virus living in reservoirs do not present antigens so killer T cells don't recognize them to kill them
29
What happens to killer T cells overtime (10+ years)
Bone marrow is no longer available to keep up with the demand and helper T cells cannot activate because they have been depleted
30
What is the problem in the human world system (system in which we try and make antibodies against the HIV virus)
The binding sites are too far apart and there's no good bivalent binding and HIV's high mutation rates prevent cells from being able to keep up with the antibodies production, antibodies are produced too late
31
What are the three phases of pathogenesis
Acute phase, asymptomatic, AIDS
32
What's going on during the acute phase
HIV levels go up high coming back down when killer T cells Kickin No significant symptoms = flu like symptoms
33
What's going on during the asymptomatic phase
Little to no symptoms
34
What's going on during the aids phase
Helper T cells count >200 --> death from cancer or opportunistic infections
35
Typical cases of HIV
Slow progression over a period of about 10 years
36
Atypical cases of HIV
Fast progressors and slow progressors
37
Fast progressors of HIV
Virus progresses quickly over a period of about two years
38
Long term/nonprogressors of HIV
HIV progresses over a loaner than typical period of time | Elite controllers
39
Are you able to tell if a person has HIV by looking at them
No, must be tested/screen for diagnosis | CDC has new screening guidelines
40
What is good about the latest fourth-generation testing
ELISA like testing look for both Ab's and Ag's | Earlier detection and sometimes as early as two weeks
41
What type of drugs do we have to fight infection of HIV and Are they for a cure
Drugs do not cure but the goal is to make you a long-term or non-progressor AZT- targets reverse transcriptase (stops production of DNA from RNA)
42
What are the types of drugs that help fight the infection of HIV
Protease inhibitor's – prevent the cutting of enzymes Integrase inhibitors Receptor binders – bind CCR5 receptors Fusion inhibitors
43
Does treatment only require the use of only one drug
No, give a cocktail of drugs for better effectiveness | HAART – highly active antiretrovirals therapy --> combination drug
44
Why do we use combination drug therapy when treating a patient
Because if one becomes resistant then you have some back up
45
What are some downsides of HAART
It is a kitchen sink approach that encourages resistance by putting the drugs out there Can have toxic side effects and resistant Can be very costly
46
What is the good side of HAART
Decreasing death rate | Decreases the amount of virus in the body some time to undetectable levels
47
How do we monitor HIV patients
Viral load testing
48
What is Postexposure prophylaxis for HCP
Postexposure drug treatment consisting of three or more drugs for four weeks
49
When is the patient tested for HIV after beginning PEP
Six weeks, 12 weeks, six months
50
What are the chances of becoming infected with HIV after PEP
0.3% and 0.9% in Eye
51
What are some HIV prevention methods
Treat all blood as potentially infectious, blood/organs cleaning, and needle exchanges, C-section, bottlefeeding, male circumcision, vaginal gel, Vaccines
52
Which trial prevention in Africa have shown a 50% reduction rate
Vaginal gels and vaccines
53
What are The main types of HIV
HIV I and HIV II

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