Homeostasis Flashcards
chemical level includes:
atoms - smallest units of matter
molecules - 2 or more atoms joined together
cellular level
cells:
- basic structural and functional units of an organism
- smallest living units in the human body
- types: muscle cells, nerve cells, blood cells
tissue level
- groups of cells and the materials around them that work together to perform a particular function
- cells join together to form tissues
- four basic types of tissues in the body
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscular tissue
- nervous tissue
epithelial tissue
Functions:
- covers body surfaces
- lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts
- forms glands
- forms outer covering of the skin and some internal organs
- lines body cavities - blood vessels, ducts, interiors of respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems
epithelial tissue may be divided into two types:
- covering and lining epithelium
- glandular epithelium
Cells of epithelial tissue have an apical surface exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal organ or the exterior of the body; lateral surfaces (face cells on either side) and a basal surface (deep)
connective tissue
Functions:
- protects + supports the body and its organs
- binds organs together
- stores energy reserves as fat
- provides immunity
- protects and insulates internal organs
- compartmentalises structures such as skeletal muscles
- major transport system within the body
- major site of stored energy reserves (adipose cells)
- main site of immune responses
Connective tissue consists of two basic elements:
- cells
- extracellular matrix (material between its widely spaced cells and consists of protein fibres and ground substance)
muscular tissue
Functions:
- generates physical force needed to make body structures move
- produces motion
- maintains posture
- generates heat
classified into 3 types:
1. skeletal muscle (attached to bones of the skeleton)
2. cardiac muscle (forms bulk of the heart wall)
3. smooth muscle (located in the walls of hollow internal structures - blood vessels, airways to the lungs, stomach, intestines, gall bladder, urinary bladder)
nervous tissue
Functions:
- detects changes inside and outside the body
- initiates and transmits nerve impulses that coordinate body activities to maintain homeostasis
Consists of two principle types of cells:
1. neurons
- sensitive to various stimuli
- convert stimuli into nerve impulses
- conduct impulses to other neurons, muscle fibres or glands
2. neuroglia
- protective and supportive functions
integumentary system
Components:
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sweat glands
- oil glands
Functions:
- helps regulate body temp
- protects body
- eliminates some wastes
- helps make vitamin D
- detects sensations such as touch
* pressure pain
* warmth and cold
- stores fat
- provides insulation
skeletal system
Components:
- bones
- joints
- associated cartilages
Functions:
- supports and protects the body
- provides specific area for muscle attachment
- assists with body movements
- stores cells which produce blood cells,
- stores minerals and lipids
endocrine system
Components:
- all glands and tissues that produce chemical regulators of body functions (hormones)
Functions:
- regulates body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs
cardiovascular system:
Components:
- blood
- heart
- blood vessels
Functions:
- heart pumps blood through blood vessels
- blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells
- blood carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
- helps regulate acidity, temp and water content of body fluids
- components help defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels
respiratory system
Components:
- lungs
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tubes
Functions:
- transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood
- transfers carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
- helps regulate acidity of body fluids
- air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds
digestive system
Components:
- GI tract
- mouth
- pharynx
- oesophagus
- stomach
- small and large intestines
- rectum
- anus
salivary glands
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
Functions:
- physical and chemical breakdown of food
- absorb nutrients
- eliminates solid waste
urinary system
Components:
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
Functions:
- produces, stores and eliminates urine
- eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
- helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
- maintains body’s mineral balance
- helps regulate red blood cell production.
reproductive system
Components:
- gonads
- fallopian tubes
- uterus
- vagina
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- penis
- mammary glands
Functions:
- gonads produce gametes (sperm of oocytes)
- these unite to form a new organism and release hormones which regulate reproduction and other body processes
- associated organs transport and store gametes
- mammary glands produce milk
