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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

The peripheral nervous system:

A
  • Somatic nervous system (SNS)
  • Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
  • Enteric nervous system (ENS)
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2
Q

Central nervous system:

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
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3
Q

SNS

A

sensory neurons - conduct impulses from somatic + special sense receptors to the central nervous system and motor neurons from the CNS to skeletal muscles

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4
Q

ANS

A

sensory neurons from visceral organs and motor neurons convey impulses from CNS to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle and glands.
Motor neurons are made up of two divisions:
Sympathetic division- supports excersise and emergency actions “fight or flight”
Parasympathetic division- takes care of “rest and digest” activities

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5
Q

ENS

A

Consists of neurons in enteric plexuses (between longitudinal and circular muscles in GI tract) to the GI tract.
- functions somewhat independently of ANS and CNS
- monitors sensory changes and controls operation of GI tract

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6
Q

organization of the nervous system

A

CNS:
- brain
- spinal cord

PNS:
- cranial nerves
- spinal nerves
- ganglia
- enteric plexuses
- sensory skin receptors

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7
Q

neurons

A
  • specialised for nerve impulse conduction
  • provide unique functions of nervous system
    • sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscle activity
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8
Q

neuroglia

A
  • support, nourish and protect neurons
  • maintain homeostasis in the interstitial fluid (fluid found in the space around cells)
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9
Q

3 structural classifications of neurons

A

multipolar neurons:
- able to receive impulses from multiple neurons via dendrites
- most common type of neuron
bipolar neurons:
- type of neuron with two extensions: one axon and one dendrite
- many are specialised sensory neurons for the transmission of sense
unipolar neurons:
- responsible for sending electrical signals
- only one process (neurite) extends from the cell body

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10
Q

functionally neurons are classified as:

A

sensory (afferent)
motor (efferent)
interneuron

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11
Q

white matter and grey matter

A

white matter
- composes of myelinated axons
grey matter
- contains neruonal cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals of neruons, unmyelinated axons and neuroglia

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12
Q

spinal cord and brain

A

spinal cord:
Grey matter forms an H- shape innercore surrounded by white matter
brain:
a thin, superficial shell of grey matter covers the cerebrum and carebellum

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13
Q

sympathetic

A

one of the two main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, having cell bodies in the preganglionic neurons in the lateral grey columns of the thoracic segment and the first two or three lumbar segments of the spinal cord. primarily concerned with the processes involving the expenditure of energy. also called the thoracolumbar division.

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14
Q

microglial cells

A

neuroglial cell that carries on phagocytosis

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15
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the portion of the peripheral nervous system that conveys output to skeletal muscles

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16
Q

guillian-barre syndrome

A

an acute demyelinating disorder in which macrophages strip myelin from axons in the PNS. it is the most common cause of acute paralysis in North America and Europe and may result from the immune system’s response to a bacterial infection. Most patients recover completely or partially, but about 15% remain paralyzed

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17
Q

norepinephrine

A

a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that produces actions similar to those that result from sympathetic stimulation. also called noradreniline.

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18
Q

divergence

A

a synaptic arrangement in which the synaptic end bulbs of one presynaptic neuron terminate on several post-synaptic neurons.

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19
Q

nervous system

A

a network of billions of neurons and even more neuroglia that is organised into two main divisions: central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors outside the central nervous system)

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20
Q

synaptic end bulbs

A

expanded distal end of an axon terminal that contains synaptic vesicles

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21
Q

acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter liberated by many peripheral nervous system neurons and some central nervous system neurons. it is excitatory at neuromuscular junctions but inhibitory at some other synapses.

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22
Q

electrical excitability

A

ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals

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23
Q

continuous conduction

A

propagation of an action potential in a step y step depolarisation of each adjacent area of an axon membrane

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24
Q

myelin sheath

A

multilayered lipid and protein covering, formed by shwann cells and oligodendrocytes, around axons of many peripheral and central nervous system neurons

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25
Q

depression

A

movement in which a part of the body moves inferiorly

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26
Q

enteric plexuses

A

the part of the nervous system that is embedded in the submucosa and muscular layer of the digestive canal; governs motility and secretions of the digestive canal.

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27
Q

chromatolysis

A

the breakdown of nissl bodies into finely granular masses in the cell body of a neuron whose axon has been damaged.

28
Q

nerve action potential

A

an electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron; a rapid change in membrane potential that involves a depolarization followed by a repolarization. also called an action potential or nerve impulse as it relates to a neuron, and a muscle action potential as it relates to a muscle fiber.

29
Q

convergence

A

a synaptic arrangement in which the synaptic end bulbs of several presynaptic neurons terminate on one postsynaptic neuron. the medial movement of the two eyeballs so that both are directed toward a near object being viewed in order to produce a single image.

30
Q

wallerian degeneration

A

degeneration of the portion of the axon and myelin sheath of a neuron distal to the site of injury

31
Q

neurotransmitter

A

one of a variety of molecules within acon terminals that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse and that change the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron

32
Q

sensory neurons

A

neuron that carries sensory information from cranial and spinal nerves into the brain and spinal cord or from a lower to a higher level in the spinal cord and brain. also called an afferent neuron

33
Q

purkinje cells

A

muscle fibre (cell) in the ventricular tissue

34
Q

motor neuron

A

neuron that conducts impulses from the brain toward the spinal cord or out of the brain and spinal cord into cranial or spinal nerves to effectors that may be either muscles or glands. also called efferent neuron.

35
Q

neuroblastoma

A

a maligmant tumor that consists of immature nerve cells (neuroblasts); occurs most commonly in the abdomen and most frequently in the suprarenal glands. although rare, it is the most common tumor in infants.

36
Q

action potential

A

an electrical signal that propagates along the membrane of a neuron or muscle fibre (cell); a rapid change in membrane potential that involves a depolarisation followed by a depolarisation. also called a nerve action potential or nerve impulse as it relates to a neuron, and a muscle action potential as it relates to a muscle fibre.

37
Q

parasympathetic

A

one of the two main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, having cell bodies or preganglionic neurons in nuclei in the brainstem and in the lateral gray horn of the sacral portion of the spinal cord; primarily concerned with activities that conserve and restore body energy. also known as the craniosacral division.

38
Q

tract

A

a bundle of nerve axons in the central nervous system.

39
Q

satelite cells

A

flat neuroglial cell that surrounds cell bodies of peripheral nervous system ganglia to provide structural support and regulate the exchange of material between a neuronal cell body and interstitial fluid.

40
Q

ependymal cells

A

neuroglial cell that covers choroid plexuses and produces cerebrospinal fluid; it also lines the ventricles of the brain and probably assists in the circulation of CSF.

41
Q

schwann cell

A

a neuroglial cell of the peripheral nervous system that forms the myelin sheath and neurolemma around a nerve axon by wrapping around the axon. also called a neurolemmocyte

42
Q

cranial nerves

A

one of 12 pairs of nerves that leave the brain; pass through foramina in the skull; and supply sensory and motor neurons to the head, neck, part of the trunk, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen. each is designated by a roman numeral and a name.

43
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that conveys output to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. consists of two main divisions (sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system) and a enteric nervous system. so named because this part of the nervous system was thought to be self-governing or spontaneous

44
Q

interneurons

A

neuron whose axon extends only for a short distance and contacts nearby neurons in the brain, spinal cord, or a ganglion; comprise the vast majority of neurons in the body. also called association neuron

45
Q

rabies

A

a fatal disease caused by a virus that reaches the CNS via fast axonal transport. it is usually transmitted by the bite of an infected dog or other meat eating animal. the symptoms are excitement, aggressiveness, and madness, followed by paralysis and death.

46
Q

ganglion

A

a group of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the central nervous system

47
Q

neurolemma

A

the perioheral, nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Shwann cell

48
Q

white matter

A

aggregations or bundles of myelinated and unmyelinated axons located in the brain and spinal cord.

49
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the surface of the cerebral hemispheres, 2-4 mm thick, consisting of grey matter; arranged in six layers of neuronal cell bodies in most areas.

50
Q

muscle action potential

A

a stimulating impulse that propagates along the sarcolemma and transverse tubules; in skeletal muscle, it is generated by acetylcholine, which increases the permeability of the sarcolemma to cations, especially sodium ions.

51
Q

neurosecretory cells

A

a neuron that secretes a hypothalamic releasing hormone of inhibiting hormone into blood capillaries of the hypothalamus; a neuron that secretes oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone into blood capillaries of the posterior pituitary.

52
Q

neurology

A

the study of the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system

53
Q

spinal cord protection and coverings

A
  • the vertebral columns protect the spinal cord
  • the menages are 3 layers of connective tissue coverings around the brain and SC
    1. duramater (outermost)
    2. arachnoid mater (middle layer)
    3. pia mater (innermost)
  • cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the subarachnoid
54
Q

gross anatomy of the spinal cord

A
  • length of an adult SC ranges from 42-45 cm
  • SC extends from the medulla oblongata to the upper border of L2
  • roots of the spinal nerves/cauda equina angle down the vertebral canal like wisps of flowing hair.
55
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • part of the peripheral nervous system
  • they connect the CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands in all parts of the body
  • 31 pairs named according to the region and level of the the vertebral column
  • each spinal (and cranial) nerve contains groups of axons—fascicles (a group of fascicles make up each spinal nerve.
56
Q

reflexes

A
  • the pathway followed by a nerve impulse that produce a reflex/reflex arc
    basic components:
  • sensory receptor
  • sensory neuron
  • integrating center
  • motor neuron
  • effector
57
Q

patellar reflex and arc

A

steps:
1. stretching stimulates sensory receptor (muscle spindle)
2. sensory neuron
3. integrating center (gray matter of spinal cord) activates motor neuron
4. motor neuron
5. effector (quadriceps femoris muscle) contracts and relieves the stretching

58
Q

the human brain basics

A
  • brain is one of the largest organs of the body
    • mass of about 1300g
    • contains ~85 billion neurons and 10-50 trillion neuroglia
    • on average, each neuron forms 1000 synapses w/ other neurons

4 major parts of the brain:
1. brain stem
2. diencephalon
3. cerebrum
4. cerebellum

59
Q

protection of the brain

A

CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
- clear colourless liquid
- carries O2, glucose and other chemicals to cells
- removes waste and toxic substances

Meninges
- protective layers surrounding the brain (as for SC)

Skull

60
Q

brain stem

A
  • located between the spinal cord and the diencephalon
  • 3 regions: medula oblongata, pons, midbrain

medulla has 2 major areas:
1. cardiovascular center
- regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of blood vessels
2. medullary respiratory center
- adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing

the midbrain connects the pons to the diencephalon-axons from the cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses here and help coordinate muscular movements

61
Q

diencephalon

A

Major regions:

thalamus:
- the major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem

hypothalamus;
- controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous system
- controls pituitary gland and production of hormones, regulation of emotions, regulation of eating and drinking, control of body temp, regulation of state of circadian rhythms and states of consciousness

pineal gland:
- secretes the hormone melatonin
- part of the endocrine system

62
Q

cerebellum

A
  • consists of 2 cerebellar hemispheres located posterior to the medulla and pons and interior to the cerebrum
  • the function of the cerebellum is to compare intended movements programmed by the cerebral cortex w/ what is acc happening
  • constantly receives sensory impulses from muscles, tendons, joints and visual receptors
63
Q

cerebrum

A
  • consists of the cerebral cortex (outer rim of grey)
    • and internal region of cerebral white matter
  • there are 2 hemispheres
  • function: ability to read, write, speak, make calculations, compose music, remember and create
  • each cerebral hemisphere has 4 lobes
    1. frontal lobe (supports high level cognitive skills and primary motor functions)
    2. parietal lobe (processes sensory info: touch, taste, etc.)
    3. temporal lobe (interpreting sounds from ears and helps recognising and using language)
    4. occipital lobe (visual processing of the brain)
64
Q

lateralisation

A
  • brain controls opposite side of the body: all sensory + motor pathways cross in CNS
    • left side of brain controls right side of body and vice versa
  • left hemisphere- important for spoken + written language, numerical + scientific skills and reasoning
  • right hemisphere- more involved in spatial + pattern recognition + emotional content
65
Q

limbic system

A
  • encircling the upper part of the brain stem + corpus calosum is a ring of structures on the inner border of the cerebrum + floor of the diencephalon that constitutes the limbic system
  • called “emotional brain” bc it plays a primary role in a range of emotions including: pain, pleasure, docility, affection and anger
66
Q

comparison of autonomic and somatic nervous systems

A

autonomic NS:
- regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and certain glands
- regulated by other brain regions (mainly hypothalamus and brain stem)

Somatic NS:
- includes both sensory and motor neurons
- sensory neurons convey input from receptors for the special senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium) and from receptors for somatic senses (pain, temp, touch)

Most organs have dual innervation (receive impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons). Nerve impulses from one division stimulate the organ to increase in activity (excitation), and impulses from the other division decrease the organs activity (inhibition).

67
Q

functions of automatic nervous systems

A
  • release neurotransmitters at synapses between neurons and at synapses with autonomic effectors (smooth + cardiac muscle and glands) this results in excitation in some cases and inhibition in others.
  • activation of sympathetic division and release of hormones by the adrenal medullae result in a series of physiological responses (“fight or flight response”)
  • the parasympathetic division enhanced ‘rest and digest’ activities. it supports body functions to conserve and restore body energy during times of rest.

Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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