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Anatomy and Physiology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the urinary system consist of?

A
  • two kidneys
  • two ureters
  • one urinary bladder
  • one urethra
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2
Q

what are the kidneys main role?

A
  • filter blood to produce urine
  • maintain homeostasis by:
    -> regulation of ion levels in the blood
    -> regulation of blood volume and pressure
    -> regulation of blood pH
    -> production of hormones
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3
Q

what do kidneys consist of internally?

A
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
  • renal pyramids
  • renal columns
  • major and minor calyces
  • renal pelvis
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4
Q

what is the structure of the kidneys nephrons?

A

renal corpuscle:
- glomerulus & glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
renal tubule:
- proximal convoluted tube (PCT); nephron loop (of Henle); distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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5
Q

what are the three basic processes involved in the production of urine?

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
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6
Q

what occurs in glomerular filtration?

A
  • blood plasma and dissolved substances get filtered into the glomerular capsule
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7
Q

what occurs in tubular reabsorption?

A
  • water, ions, and other substances get reabsorbed from the renal tubule lumen into the peritubular capillaries and ultimately into the blood.
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8
Q

what occurs in tubular secretion?

A
  • substances such as wastes, drugs and excess ions get secreted from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule.
  • this forms urine.
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9
Q

what membranes are involved in glomerular filtration?

A
  • endothelium of glomerulus
  • podocytes of glomerular capsule
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10
Q

what is the path of urine drainage?

A
  • collecting duct
  • papillary duct
  • minor calyx
  • major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
  • urinary bladder
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11
Q

ureters function

A
  • transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder
  • as bladder fills, it expands and compresses the ureters preventing back flow.
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12
Q

detrusor muscle function

A
  • stretches when the ladder fills and contracts to push out urine
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13
Q

urethra function

A
  • small tube leading from the bladder to the outside
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14
Q

rugae function

A
  • rugae and the lining transitional epithelium allow the urinary bladder to expand as it fills
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15
Q

peritoneum function

A
  • helps hold the bladder in place
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16
Q

internal urethral sphincter function

A
  • involuntary smooth muscle that opens and closes the urethra
17
Q

external urethral sphincter function

A
  • voluntary skeletal muscle that opens and closes the urethra
18
Q

external urethral orifice function

A
  • the opening of the urethra to the outside
19
Q

what occurs during a micturition reflex?

A
  • when vol of urine in bladder is over 200-400ml the pressure increases
  • stretch receptors in trigone detect this
  • impulses travel to micturition centre in spinal cord and trigger micturition reflex
  • bladder filling causes sensation of fullness and conscious desire to urinate before micturition reflex occurs.
20
Q

impulses during the micturition reflex

A
  • contraction of the detrusor muscle in bladder wall (parasympathetic)
  • relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter muscle (parasympathetic)
  • inhibition of somatic motor nerves to cause relaxation f skeletal muscle in external urethral sphincter
21
Q

what are the common problems related to aging and urination?

A
  • UTI’s
  • increased frequency of urination
  • urinary retention or incontinence
  • acute and chronic kidney inflammations
  • renal calculi (kidney stones)
22
Q

summary of abnormal constituents in urine: albumin

A
  • very small amounts of blood plasma appear in urine as it is too large to be filtered
  • presence of excessive albumin indicates an increase in the permeability of filtering membranes due to injury or disease, increased blood pressure or damage to kidney cells.

(ALBUMINURIA)

23
Q

SOACIN: glucose

A

the presence of glucose in the urine usually indicates diabetes mellitus

(GLUCOSURIA)

24
Q

SOACIN: red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A
  • can occur with acute inflammation of urinary organs as a result of disease or irritation from kidney stones, tumours, trauma and kidney disease

(HEMATURIA)

25
Q

SOACIN: white blood cells (leukocytes)

A
  • presence of WBC and other components of pus in the urine indicate infection in the kidneys and other urinary organs

(PYURIA)

26
Q

SOACIN: ketone bodies

A
  • high levels may indicate diabetes mellitus, anorexia, starvation or too little carbohydrate in the diet

(KETONURIA)

27
Q

SOACIN: bilirubin

A
  • when RBC are destroyed by macrophages, the globin portion of hemoglobin is split off and the heme is converted to biliverdin
  • most of the biliverdin is converted to bilirubin
  • an above normal level of bilirubin is called BILIRUBINURIA
28
Q

SOACIN: urobilinogen

A
  • trace amounts are normal
  • elevated levels may be due to haemolytic or pernicious anemia, infectious hepatitis, obstruction of bile ducts, jaundice, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, or infectious mononucleosis
29
Q

SOACIN: casts

A

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Anatomy and Physiology (14 decks)

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