Hoofdstuk 7

Question 1

Psycho active effects

Answer 1

alter a person’s mood/cognition/behavior

Question 2

Addiction

Answer 2

a condition, produced by repeated consumption of a natural or synthetic psychoactive substance, in which the person has become physically and psychologically dependent on the substance

Question 3

Physical Dependence

Answer 3

2 characteristics:
1) Tolerance - body increasingly adapts requiring larger doses for the same effect
2) Withdrawal -unpleasant physical & psychological symptoms when stopping

Question 4

Psychological Dependence

Answer 4

is a state in which a person feels compelled to use a substance for the effect without necessarily physical dependence

Question 5

Dependence and Abuse develop partly

Answer 5

because users rely increasingly on the substance to regulate their cognitive and emotional states

• na positieve/negatieve reinforcement: people are at risk if their brain reaction to reward reflects strong pleasure

Question 6

Withdrawal Syndrome (alcohol)

Answer 6

Delirium Tremense
- intense anxiety
- tremors
- frightening hallucinations when their blood alcohol levels drop

Question 7

Cues

Answer 7

associations by way of classical conditioning

2 important responses: Attention + Craving
- the role of cues in substance dependence involves physiological mechanisms:

1) learning the cues enables the body to anticipate and compensate for substance’s effects

2) Incentive-Sensitization Theory of Addiction: dopamine enhances the salience of stimuli associated with substance use so that they become increasingly powerful in directing behavior

Cues grab attention, arouse anticipation of reward and lead the person to use

Question 8

Psychosocial factors provide the primary forces that lead adolescents to begin smoking

Answer 8

• reinforcement important factor in continuation
• area of the brain (insula) may control the desire to smoke

Question 9

Carcinogen

Answer 9

substance that causes cancer
- Nicotine constricts blood vessels and increases heart rate, cardiac output and both systolic and diastolic blood pressure
- carbon monoxide reduces the availability of oxygen to the heart which may cause damage and lead to atherosclerosis

Question 10

Emphysema + Chronic Bronchitis

Answer 10

= COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
CLRD (Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease)

Question 11

Lifetime Prevalence Rate (alcohol)

Answer 11

estimates have been made on the basis of the proportion of individuals at a given time who had ever displayed the problem

Question 12

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 12

• impaired nervous system development
• cognitive + physical defects

Question 13

Consuming alcohol impairs cognitive, perceptual and motor performances for several hours

Answer 13

zeker eerste 2/3 uur

Question 14

Cirrhosis

Answer 14

heavy drinking over a long period of time causes liver cells to die off and be replaced by permanent, non-functional scar tissue
(liver less able to cleanse blood + regulate its composition)

• the more you drink = higher blood pressure
• brain damage = impaired perception + memory

Question 15

3 types of drugs are exceptions to the pattern of usage beginning in adolescence

Answer 15

tranquilizers
barbiturates
painkillers (eg Oxycontin)

• all begin in adulthood
• minority teens are less likely to use drugs if they have a strong racial and ethnic identity

Question 16

Drug Use to Drug Abuse

Answer 16

1 factor = personality (rebellious, impulsive, accepting toward illegal behavior and oriented toward thrill seeking

also: less socially conforming/less committed to religion

Question 17

Prevention Programs must consider 2 factors when & why individuals start to use

Answer 17

• public policy and legal issues
• health promotion & education
• family involvement

Question 18

2 interventions to prevent smoking

Answer 18

1) social influence approaches: focus on training skills to help individuals resist social pressures to smoke

2) life skills training approaches: address general, social, cognitive and coping skills

Question 19

Alcohol - full abstinence works best as recovery measure

Answer 19

Drug dependence - remission (no longer meeting the criteria for dependence, could mean abstinence)

Question 20

Initial Issue Treatment

Answer 20

• Person’ s desire and readiness to change
• (Stages of Change Model) a critical transition occurs when the person’s Stage of Readiness moves from contemplation to or thinking about changing to preparation and action
  (bolstering the person’s self-efficacy is critical for the efforts to change/ MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING BY SUPPORT)
• alter personality and cognitive factors:
• reduce sensation-seeking, impulsivity
• enhance conscientiousness
• decrease social anxiety increase self-efficacy

2nd Cognitive-Behavioral Method = reducing negative reinforcement (when substance is used to regulate emotional states)

3rd Cognitive- Behavioral Method (psychosocial) = positive reinforcement for stopping/reducing use (often monetary based)

4th Cue-Exposure = used to decrease the impact of substance-related cues (helpt het beste bij alcohol)

Question 21

2 useful chemicals for reducing smoking

Answer 21

are Bupropion Hydrachloride (an antidepressant drug) and Varenicline (reduce impact of smoking cues on craving)

Question 22

2 chemicals used for treating alcohol abuse

Answer 22

-Disulfiram (antabuse) - produces nausea when the person drinks
- Naltrexone (blocks the “high” feeling that alcohol/drugs produce)

Question 23

Treating Narcotic Addiction

Answer 23

methadone
similar: LevoAlpha AcetylMethadyl (LAAM)
Buprenorphine (blocks euphoria from opiates)

Question 24

5 features should be considered in designing multidimensional programs to curb substance abuse

Answer 24

1) biochemical analyses to verify self-reports and demonstrating these at the beginning of the program
2) Daily Phonecall - improves performance (bv keeping track of self-report)
3) Involving family/significant people
4) Physician involvement
5) supplementing standard treatment with a computer-based intervention

Question 25

Lapse

Answer 25

= instance of backsliding Relapse = returning to full-blown pattern of behavior

Question 26

Relapse Prevention Method (based on G. Alan Marlatt's view)

Answer 26

relapses develop through the cognitive events of the abstinence violation effect that follow a lapse - the cognitive events involve mainly guilt and reduced self-efficacy: 1) learn to identify high-risk situations by generating a list and descriptions of antecedent conditions in which lapses are most likely to occur 2) Acquire competent and specific coping skills to deal with high-risk high-risk situations 3) practice these skills in high-risk situations (with supervision)

Question 27

4 additional relapse prevention approaches

Answer 27

1) rewards for abstinence + counselling 2) continue using chemical method after treatment ends 3) practice relaxation methods to reduce negative emotions 4) develop social networks that provide constructive support for abstinence drugs: stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens and narcotics Cocaine produces cardiovascular reactions that can cause a potentially fatal myocardial infarction