Overig

Question 1

Osteoarthritis

Answer 1

joints degenerate as a result of wear and tear
- fibromyalgia
- gout
- rheumatoid arthritis

Question 2

Genes of 2 types have been identified in the development of Alzheimer

Answer 2

1) risk genes (increase likelihood, not direct cause)
2) deterministic genes (cause the disease, guarantee the development)

Question 2

Welke factoren beïnvloeden de manier waarop mensen lichamelijke symptomen ervaren

Answer 2

1) individuele verschillen
- interne focus: overschatten lichaamsveranderingen en langdurige ervaring van herstel
- tolerantie van symptomen voordat er actie wordt ondernomen

2) concurrerende omgevingsstimuli
3) psychosociale invloeden (placebo)
4) geboortegeslachtsverschillen en socioculturele verschillen

Question 2

Welke factoren beïnvloeden de manier waarop mensen symptomen interpreteren en erop reageren

Answer 2

• directe ervaring
• kennis

–> verwachtingen en ideeën

• hiermee worden cognitieve representaties/ common-sense modellen gevormd die (deels) (on)waar kunnen zijn

Question 3

Belangrijkste factoren gebruik gezondheidszorg

Answer 3

• demografische + sociaal-culturele factoren (leeftijd/geslacht/inkomen)
• cognitieve, sociale en emotionele factoren (overtuigingen/emoties/sociale context)

Question 3

Componenten van cognitieve representaties over ziekte

Answer 3

• ziekte-identiteit
• oorzaken en onderliggende pathologie
• tijdlijn v.w.b. prognose
• consequenties (ernst, effecten + uitkomst)

Question 4

Theoretisch Gedragsverklaringsmodel

Answer 4

Health Belief Model

Question 5

Perceived threat + perceived benefits = likelihood of performing health behavior

Answer 5

perceived threat:
- seriousness
- susceptibility
- cues to action

Question 6

3 stadia delay

Answer 6

1) appraisal (sensorische impact symptoom)
2) illness (gedachten over symptoom)
3) perceptie voor/nadelen belangrijkst

Question 7

Therapie Ontrouw (40% van patiënten)

Answer 7

Belangrijkste factoren bij Therapie Ontrouw (adherence)
1) medische voorschriften + ziekte-gerelateerde kenmerken
- duur/complexiteit, kosten, bijwerkingen
- type voorschrift
- de ernst aandoening/ziekte

2) Demografische + Sociaal-Culturele factoren

3) Psychosociale factoren
- interpretatie + geloof
- niet-intentioneel (vergeten)

4) patiënt-arts interactie

Question 8

Een belangrijke invalshoek bij het bevorderen van therapie trouw ligt bij de hulpverlener (verbeteren communicatie + informatie)

Answer 8

Gedragsveranderingsmethodieken
- motivational interviewing
- sociale steun
- advies/behandeling op maat
- prompts & reminders
- self-monitoring
- gedrgascontract

Question 9

4 systeemdoelen in zorg driehoek

Answer 9

1) toegankelijkheid
2) kwaliteit
3) betaalbaarheid
4) preventie

Question 10

5 stelselwetten

Answer 10

1) zorgverzekeringswet (Zvw)
2) Wet langdurige zorg (Wlz)
3) Wet maatschappelijke ondersteuning (Wmo)
4) Jeugdwet (Jw)
5) Wet publieke gezondheid (Wpg)
al deze gericht op preventie

Question 11

Wetten die waarborgen dat zorgaanbieders goede zorg bieden

Answer 11

• Wet kwaliteit, klachten en geschillen zorg (Wkkgz)
• Wet Geneeskundige BehandelingsOvereenkomst (WGBO)
• Wet op de beroepen in de individuele gezondheidszorg (Wet BIG)
• bevordert kwaliteit zorg door beroeps beoefenaren
• titelbescherming + registratie beroepsgroepen
• gezondheidszorg psychologeen vallen onder deze wet

Question 12

Copingsstrategieën

Answer 12

-Probleemgerichte Coping
-Emotionele gerichte Coping
(Blunting copings stijl = avoidance Coping)

• een cognitief proces dat een rol kan spelen is het attributieproces (blaming)
• ander cognitief proces is mate van persoonlijke controle

Question 13

3 typen controle

Answer 13

1) Behavioral Controle (in staat zijn om bepaald gedrag te vertonen)

2) Cognitive Control (weten hoe te focussen op het positieve, leren herkennen van signalen van angst)

3) Informational Control (kennis verkrijgen)

Question 14

Tests Psychisch (on)welbevinden/klachten bij patiënten

Answer 14

MMPI (Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory)
- Hypochondrie/depressie en hysterie worden gebruikt om “emotionele aanpassing” in kaart te brengen

Question 15

Medische setting specifieke vragenlijsten

Answer 15

• Type A en Type B (Jenkins Activity Survey)
• Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic (Coping Style)
• Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS) 7 psychosociale karakteristieken

Question 16

Mortality Issues

Answer 16

people tend to switch from avoidance-coping to active-problem-focused approaches

Question 17

Re-appraisal of life

Answer 17

1) finding meaning in illness (purpose of illness and rethinking attitudes and priorities)
2) sense of control
3) restore self-esteem

• these cognitive adjustments seem to promote adaptation

Question 18

CHD Coronary Heart Disease

Answer 18

refers to illnesses that result from the narrowing and blocking of the coronary arteries, which supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood

• atherosclerosis: plaque build-up
• angina pectoris: brief reductions of oxygenated blood to the heart produces pain - results from ischemia (lack of oxygen to heart muscle)
• myocardial infarction: reduced blood supply prolonged/severe, part of the muscle tissue of the heart may be destroyed

Question 19

Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 19

a condition in which the heart’s capacity to pump can no longer meet the body’s needs (heart enlarged, overworked. lungs become congested with fluid)

Question 20

Hypertentsion (high blood pressure over a longer time)

Answer 20

is a major risk factor for heart disease (heart is working harder than normal)
* high LDL, low LDL strongest risk factor, smoking 2nd

Question 21

Balloon angioplasty (+ metal mesh stent)

Answer 21

bypass surgery

Question 22

Heart Attack

Answer 22

limit damage to myocardium - clot-dissolving thrombolytic drugs (prevents myocardial damage if administered within 3 hours) - most people cope after attack through denial

Question 23

Cardiac Invalidism

Answer 23

people with heart disease become increasingly dependent and helpless

Question 24

Stroke

Answer 24

a condition in which damage occurs in an area of the brain when the blood supply to that area is disrupted, depriving it from oxygen 1) Ischemic Stroke: damage results when the blood supply in a crebral artery is sharply reduced or cutoff (similar to atherosclerosis/myocardial infarction) 2) Hemorrhagic Stroke: blood vessel ruptures and bleed into the brain (people who survive moderate or severe strokes generally suffer some degree of motor/sensory/cognitive or speech impairment as a result of the brain damage

Question 25

A common language disorder in stroke patients is aphasia

Answer 25

1) receptive aphasia - difficulty in understanding verbal information 2) expressive aphasia - problem in producing language

Question 26

Visual Neglect

Answer 26

patients fail to process information on the left side of the normal visual field

Question 27

Cancer

Answer 27

unrestricted cell growth, usually forming a tumor = "Neoplasm" * "Oncogenes" regulate cell division, but genetic processes and carcinogens can damage them, causing unrestricted growth Cancer = the diseas of the cells characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation that usually forms a malignant neoplasm: 1) carcinomas - malignant neoplasms in skin or lining of body organs 2) melanomas - neoplasms on skincell (pigment) 3) Lymphoma - lymphatic system 4) Sarcoma - muscle/bone/connective tissue 5) Leukemia - blood-forming organs/bone marrow (proliferation white blood cells) * migration of cancer cells = metastasis *Angiogenesis = neoplasm recruits its own blood supply for nutrients

Question 28

Cancer is caused

Answer 28

by the interplay of genetic, environmental, behaviroal and psychosocial factors

Question 29

Anticipatory Nausea

Answer 29

classical conditioning (drug unconditioned stimulus)

Question 30

Mindfulness-based stress reduction methods

Answer 30

reduce depressive symptoms and other indications of emotional distress in cancer patients

Question 31

Leukemia

Answer 31

1) induction phase for remission 2) maintenance (chemo) 3) Bone marrow transplant (aspiration = naald in heup voor biopt)

Question 32

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AIDS

Answer 32

- diagnosis made once the victim's condition has reached a certain criterion - low level of Helper T-cells (CD4 cells) - Infected with HIV - Symptoms of faltering immune system (spiking fever/night sweats diarrhea/fatigue/ swollen lymph glands)

Question 33

Encephalopathy

Answer 33

losing cognitive functions and laps into coma

Question 34

Main Treatment:

Answer 34

anti retroviral therapy ART

Question 35

Crisis Theorie

Answer 35

patiënten beginnen hun copingsproces met een cognitieve waardering van de betekenis of het belang van het gezondsheidsprobleem voor hun leven. Deze waardering leidt tot het formuleren van aanpassingstaken, zoals aanpassing aan symptomen/onderhouden positieve relaties/toepassen verschillende copingsstrategieën om met veranderingen om te leren gaan