Hormones

Question 1

Definition of a hormone

Answer 1

chem substance released in small quantities from endocrine glands into the circulatory system to elicit a response in target tissues

Question 2

T or F CO2 is a hormone

Answer 2

false

Question 3

secretion of hormones is controlled by the nervous system or the hormones work on the nervous system

Answer 3

neuroendocrine system

Question 4

3 categories of hormones

Answer 4

steroids
aa derivatives
peptides and protiens

Question 5

derived from cholesterol

Answer 5

steroid hormone

Question 6

aa derived hormones are derived from ______

Answer 6

tyrosine

Question 7

hormone message is transmitted across a synaptic cleft

Answer 7

synaptic

Question 8

homrone message is transmitted by diffusion in interstitial space

Answer 8

paracrine and autocrine

Question 9

hormone message is transmitted by circulating body fluids

Answer 9

endocrine and neuroendocrine

Question 10

effects of hormones transmitted this way is…
general?
local?

Answer 10

general: endocrine and neuroendocrine
local: synaptic (paracrine and autocrine are locally diffuse)

Question 11

ductless glands

Answer 11

endocrine glands

Question 12

specificity of hormone secreted via synapses depends on

Answer 12

anatomical location and receptors

Question 13

specificity of hormone secreted via paraendocrine or autocrine control depends on

Answer 13

receptors

Question 14

specificity of hormone secreted via endocrine control depends on

Answer 14

receptors

Question 15

specificity of hormone secreted via neuroendocrine control depends on

Answer 15

receptors

Question 16

Steroid hormones:

Answer 16

Glucocorticoids 
Mineralocorticoids (ADH)
Antrogens
Estrogens
Progesterone 
vit D

Question 17

AA derived hormones

Answer 17

Catecholamines (Epi, NE, DA)
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
Melatonin

Question 18

increasing the number of high affinity receptors will (increase or decrease) the response

Answer 18

increase

*and vice versa

Question 19

dose response curves

Answer 19

look at em’

specificity vs capacity

Question 20

What type of hormone bind intracellular recetors

Answer 20

steroids and thyroid hormones

Question 21

What are the functions of secondary messangers?

Answer 21

amplify and disperse signal throughout the cell

Question 22

What is permissiveness? Give and example.

Answer 22

a hormone will allow another hormone to work better

ex: TH alone –> no FA release
Epi alone –> very little FA release
TH + Epi –> LOTS of FA released

Question 23

Do you get a bigger change in response if the number of receptors is increased or decreased?

Answer 23

decreased

Question 24

The conc needed to produce max biological response is considerably smaller than the conc needed to fill the number of receptors. What is this called and what is the significance?>

Answer 24

spare receptors

very little hormone is needed to get a response bc target is ~over expressed?

Question 25

prevents hormones from being excreted in the kidney

Answer 25

binding proteins

Question 26

active form of hormone

Answer 26

free | i.e. acts on target tissues

Question 27

acts on feedback sensors

Answer 27

free hormone

Question 28

is able to cross capillaries

Answer 28

free hormone

Question 29

how are hormones usually measured

Answer 29

competitive binding assays

Question 30

pattern of secretion when hormone is released 1x a day. example

Answer 30

circadian or diurnal cortisol (well ACTH bc it causes cortisol to be released)

Question 31

pattern of secretion when hormone is released multiple times a day. example

Answer 31

ultradian and pulstile, which is a type of ultradian rhythm LH

Question 32

testosterone, circadian or ultradian?

Answer 32

circadian

Question 33

insulin has what type of secretion pattern?

Answer 33

stimulus induced

Question 34

What are the 3 ways that blood levels of a hormone can be altered

Answer 34

inc/dec secretion, degradation, or conc of plasma binding protein

Question 35

Endocrine diseases are often cuased by excess or deficient production of a hormone. What are 3 other general causes

Answer 35

alterations in receptor number or affinity post-receptor events altered metabolism of hormone (liver or kidney dz)

Question 36

more hormone exists in free or bound state

Answer 36

free

Question 37

What happens if you increased the conc of a hormone's binding protein?

Answer 37

the conc of free hormone will transiently decrease. but the body will sense the hypo state and produce more hormone to return to baseline (~new set point) *recall, free hormone acts on the feedback control mechanisms

Question 38

When is cortisol normally secreted? WHat are the exceptions?

Answer 38

1 hr before we get up jet lag and shift work

Question 39

diff in synthesis between steroid, protein, and catecholamines (aa derived), and thyroid hormones

Answer 39

protein/peptides and catecholamines are nearly continuously produced steroids are not made until stimulated, little made TH is partially produced, i.e. the precursor is made and then once there is a stim T3 anf 4 are made

Question 40

diff in storage between steroid, protein, and catecholamines (aa derived), and thyroid hormones

Answer 40

protein/peptides and catecholamines are stored in granules steroids are not really stored since they are made when they are needed TH is stored in precursor form, Tg

Question 41

What types of hormones typically circulate bound to proteins

Answer 41

steroids and TH

Question 42

What types of hormones typically circulate freely

Answer 42

protein/peptides and catecholamines

Question 43

Type of hormone with the longest half life

Answer 43

TH (1-6 days)

Question 44

What types of hormones whose secretion is more tightly regulated

Answer 44

protein/peptides and catecholamines *steroids are secreted as they are made and TH are more or less continuously secreted

Question 45

What types of hormones typically bind cell surface receptos

Answer 45

protein/peptides and catecholamines

Question 46

What types of hormones typically work by activating genes

Answer 46

steroids and TH = bind nuclear receptors

Question 47

how are protein/peptides degraded?

Answer 47

to aa in liver, kidneys are target tissues

Question 48

how are catecholamines degraded?

Answer 48

COMT or MAO

Question 49

What type of hormone is excreted in urine

Answer 49

steroid (free) bc water soluble

Question 50

what type of hormone has v. little excretion? how does that work?

Answer 50

proteins/peptide hormones are broken down into their aa TH due to enterohepatic circulation

Question 51

are protein/peptide hormones activated?

Answer 51

no, **renin is the exception**

Question 52

What are the 3 types of hormone pathways and give an example of each

Answer 52

1. direct: gland --> hormone --> target --> effects 2. 2 endocrine glands and hormones: ex: parathyroid secretes PTH --> kidneys which secrete vit D --> target --> effect 3. 3 glands and hormones: hypothalamus secretes RH --> ant pituitary which secretes TH --> thyroid which secretes T3/4 --> target --> effects`

Question 53

the endocrine's response to a stimulus reinforces that stimulus

Answer 53

positive feedback

Question 54

Example of positive feedback

Answer 54

stretch of cervix leads to OT release which cuases the cervix to stretch more

Question 55

give 2 examples of negative feedback. Hint glucose

Answer 55

insulin negates inc in plasma glc inc plasma glucose --> inc insulin secretion --> inc plasma insulin conc.--> inc glucose uptake and utilization by muscle and adipose tissue --> dec plasma glucose back toward normal (fasting level) glucagon negates dec in plasma glc dec plasma glucose conc. --> inc glucagon secretion --> inc plasma glucagon --> inc hepatic glucose release --> inc plasma glucose conc. back toward normal.

Question 56

What bringd glucagon back to basal level after it falls with dec blood glc levels?

Answer 56

NE or E