hormones pt3 Flashcards
(7 cards)
Glucagon
Made in- the Pancreas (alpha cells)
Target tissue: Liver
Effect: Raises blood glucose (stimulates glycogen breakdown)
Too much- Hyperglycemia
Too little- Hypoglycemia (especially dangerous in insulin-treated diabetics)
PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
Made in: Parathyroid glands
Target tissues: Bones, kidneys, intestines
Effect: Raises blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing calcium reabsorption
Too much: Hyperparathyroidism (bone loss, kidney stones)
Too little: Hypoparathyroidism (muscle cramps, tetan
Calcitonin
Made in: Thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)
Target tissue: Bones
Effect: Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts
Too much: Rare clinical significance
Too little: Minimal effect in adults; usually not clinically significant
Thyroxine
(T4)
Made in: Thyroid gland
Target tissues: Most body cells
Effect: Regulates metabolism
Too much: Hyperthyroidism (weight loss, anxiety)
Too little: Hypothyroidism (weight gain, fatigue, cold intolerance)
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone / Vasopressin
)
Made in: Hypothalamus (stored in posterior pituitary)
Target tissue: Kidneys
Effect: Promotes water reabsorption, reduces urine output
Too much: SIADH (water retention, low sodium)
Too little: Diabetes insipidus (excessive urination and thirst)
HGH (Human Growth Hormone)
Made in: Anterior pituitary
Target tissues: Liver, bones, muscles, fat
Effect: Stimulates growth, protein synthesis, and fat breakdown
Too much: Gigantism (children), Acromegaly (adults)
Too little: Dwarfism (children), fatigue, decreased muscle mass (adults)
insulin
Insulin
Made in: Pancreas (beta cells of the islets of Langerhans)
Target tissues: Liver, muscle, fat
Effect: Lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and storage as glycogen/fat
Too much: Hypoglycemia (can be dangerous—sweating, confusion, coma)
Too little: Diabetes mellitus
Type 1: autoimmune destruction of beta cells
Type 2: insulin resistance (reduced effect despite normal or high levels)
