HTN

Question 1

weight of the heart - female / male

ventricle thickness

Answer 1

250 - 300 g and 300 - 350 gm
right ventricle wall 0.3 to .5 cm
left ventricle wall 1.3 - 1.5 cm

Question 2

failure to pump

Answer 2

most common cause of cardiovasulcar dysfuntion ;

cardiac muscle contracts weakly and chambers font empty properly

Question 2

failure to pump

Answer 2

most common cause of cardiovasulcar dysfuntion ;

cardiac muscle contracts weakly and chambers font empty properly

Question 3

obstruction t oflow

Answer 3

obstruction of blood flow thru a vessel or tight valve opening cause increased ventricular chamber pressure. is valvular the increased pressure overworks the chamber that pumps against the obstructon

Question 3

obstruction t oflow

Answer 3

obstruction of blood flow thru a vessel or tight valve opening cause increased ventricular chamber pressure. is valvular the increased pressure overworks the chamber that pumps against the obstructon

Question 4

regurgitant flow

Answer 4

at least part of the output from each contraction flows backward adding volume workload to each chambers

Question 4

regurgitant flow

Answer 4

at least part of the output from each contraction flows backward adding volume workload to each chambers

Question 5

shunted flow

Answer 5

blood can be diverted from one part of the heart to another- thru defects that may be congential or acquired. it can be between blood vessels also- patent ductus arteriosus

Question 5

shunted flow

Answer 5

blood can be diverted from one part of the heart to another- thru defects that may be congential or acquired. it can be between blood vessels also- patent ductus arteriosus

Question 6

disorders of cardiac conduction

Answer 6

conduction defects or arrhythmias due to uncoordinated generation of impulses lead to nonuniform and inefficient contractions of the muscular walls

Question 6

disorders of cardiac conduction

Answer 6

conduction defects or arrhythmias due to uncoordinated generation of impulses lead to nonuniform and inefficient contractions of the muscular walls

Question 7

Gross morphology of cardiac hypertrophy - pressure overload

Answer 7

pressure overload- adult heart results in concentric left ventricular hypertrophy-> increase in wall thickness to cavity ratio.

no angiogensis

Question 7

Gross morphology of cardiac hypertrophy - pressure overload

Answer 7

pressure overload- adult heart results in concentric left ventricular hypertrophy-> increase in wall thickness to cavity ratio.

no angiogensis

Question 8

Gross morphology of cardiac hypertrophy- volume

Answer 8

overload is associated with eccentric pattern ( dilation of chamber) of hypertrophy characterized by a proportionate increase in chamber radius and wall thickness

Question 8

Gross morphology of cardiac hypertrophy- volume

Answer 8

overload is associated with eccentric pattern ( dilation of chamber) of hypertrophy characterized by a proportionate increase in chamber radius and wall thickness

Question 9

Gross morphology of cardiac hypertrophy- microscopic morphology

Answer 9

enlargement of myocyte diameter and boxcar nuclei, and fibrosis ( will see if occurred rapidly ) . and myocyte disarray

Question 9

Gross morphology of cardiac hypertrophy- microscopic morphology

Answer 9

enlargement of myocyte diameter and boxcar nuclei, and fibrosis ( will see if occurred rapidly ) . and myocyte disarray

Question 10

cardiac deccompenstation

Answer 10

chf occurs -> there is an increase in the amount of type III collagen. type I/ type III ratio correlates with the degree of cardiac dysfunction

Question 11

forward failure

Answer 11

related to the failing left ventricles inability to maintain arterial perfusion to distal organs

kidney - acute tubular necrosis
brain- ischemic encephalopathy
bowel- ischemic bowel

Question 12

reverse failure

Answer 12

refers to back up of pressure and volume related to the left ventricles inability to pump blood out of the chamber this leads to cardiogenic pulmonary edema and pulmonary hypertension with hepatic congestion, ascites and peripheral edema

Question 13

causes of right sides heart failure

Answer 13

left sided heart failure, cor pulmonale ( pulmonary HTN) , myocardial disease, constrictive pericarditis

Question 14

pathophy of right sided heart failure

Answer 14

venous backup- anasarca ( generalized edema)

hepatic (nutmeg) , renal and splenic congestion

Question 15

hypertension organ damage

Answer 15

heart - hypertrophy, fibrosis
arteries - atherosclerosis and hyaline and proliferatie arteriosclerosis
aortic dissection- in medial layer
kidneys -secondary glomerulosclerosis, tubular atrophy
eyes - hypertensive retinopathy
Cerebrovascular disease -charcot-bouchard aneurysms , lacunar infarcts, htn encephalopathy

Question 16

secondary HTN

Answer 16

renal- glomerulonephritis , polycystic kidney disease, chronic renal disease, renal stenosis
endocrine- adrenal adenoma (aldosterone), adrenal hyperfunction, pheochromocytoma (adrenal medulla epi) hypo-hyperthyroidism
vascular- coarctation of aorta ( turners syndrome)
neurogenic- increase intracranial pressure