human body booklet question Flashcards
(203 cards)
1
Q
name the three main word elements
A
prefix
root
suffix
2
Q
define homeostasis
A
relatively stable internal environment within normal limits
2
Q
name the 3 components of a homeostatic control
A
- receptor
- interrogation centre
- effector
3
Q
whats prolonged homeostatic imbalance
A
means that your body is out of balance for a long time and can’t fix itself properly
4
Q
whats the consequence of a prolonged homeostatic imbalance
A
become ill
5
Q
list some homeostatic mechanisms of the body that are controlled by negative feedback
A
- BP
- Temperature
- HR
- RR
6
Q
Atoms are composed of an equal number of smaller particles known as protons, neutrons and electrons. Which of these carries a NEGATIVE charge?
A
Electron
7
Q
Which of the particles interact in chemical reactions
1. proton
2. neutron
3. electron
4. molecules
A
electrons
8
Q
Cation meaning
A
positively charged
9
Q
anion
A
negatively charged
10
Q
list some carbohydrates that includes ‘ose’
A
- glucose
- fructose
- lactose
11
Q
_________ is the element found in proteins, but not carbohydrates and lipids.
A
nitrogen
12
Q
_________ Weak bonds maintain the structure of proteins at homeostatic body temperature.
A
hydrogen
13
Q
Glucose is stored in the liver (100 g) and muscles (400 g) in the form of _______
A
glycogen
14
Q
Excess glucose is converted to that is(are) stored in adipose tissue (fat) and the liver.
A
triglycerides
15
Q
____________ is an inorganic nutrient (compound).
A
water
16
Q
Gram for gram, _____ can provide more fuel for the making of ATP (energy).
A
fat
17
Q
The recommended option for dietary fat includes triglycerides composed of__________ . This is
because the intake of triglycerides composed of__________ (not dietary cholesterol) is correlated with
cardiovascular disease and high blood cholesterol levels.
a) saturated fatty acids; unsaturated fatty acids
b) unsaturated fatty acids; saturated fatty acids
c) amino acids; phospholipids
d) phospholipids; amino acids
A
b
18
Q
Removing UPFs would reduce the incidence of dietary-related diseases in Britain by__ %.
a) 70
b) 50
c) 25
d) 10
A
70
19
Q
what are cellular material inside the cell
A
cytoplasm
20
Q
whast he Control centre of cell (DNA
A
nucleus
21
Q
what is the Double layer of lipids with protein molecules in it.
A
plasma membrane
22
Q
what is the Increase surface area of plasma membrane (absorption).
A
microvilli
23
Q
what is the Membranous network
A
endoplasmic reticulum
24
what modifies proteins and lipids for export.
glogi complex
24
Protein synthesis
ribosomes
25
what transports products such as protein.
secretory complex
26
what Contains acidic digestive enzymes (pathogen and debris).
lysosomes
27
what Synthesises Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP = energy, heat).
mitochondrion
28
who plays the Role in cell division (mitosis)
centriole
29
who has the Role in joining cells together
desmosomes
30
whats proteins organised as microfilaments, microtubules or
intermediate filaments (scaffold) e.g., myosin, keratin.
cytoskeleton
31
fibroblasts
lie along the protein fibres they secrete \e.g. collagen
32
macrophage
lysosomes to digest pathogens debris and bone
33
diffusion
is a passive transport where molecules move down the concentration gradient from an area of low to high
34
Osmosis
is the diffusion of water molecules don its concentration gradient (high to low)
35
tonicity
the ability of a solution to cause a cell to shrink or swell based on its concentration of solutes
36
isotonic solution
same amount of concentration
37
hypertonic
greater solute concentration
38
hypotonic
lower solute concentration
39
When would giving an intravenous hypotonic or isotonic solution be beneficial to a patient?
when they are dehydrated
40
Why can bacteria (microorganism) sustain life on its own?
they have cellular ribosomes for protein synthesis
41
NURSING ACTION. In clinical practice, hand washing with soap is used for protein-based
contaminants such as body fluids and certain microorganisms. This is because alcohol-based hand
rubs (AHHR) are not effective against_________ and _______
a) resident and transient microorganisms
b) enveloped bacterial and animal viruses
and
c) gram negative bacteria and enveloped viruses
d) endospore-forming bacteria and non-enveloped viruses
D
42
NURSING ACTION. Why is it just as important to dry your hands as it is to wash them?
microorganisms will grow where there is water
43
What is mitosis and where does it occur in the human body?
cell division which is the making if new cells from pre-existing cells and happens most areas of the body
44
The absence of________ would prevent a cell from undergoing mitosis (cell division).
a) mitochondria
b) ribosome
c)) centrioles
d) lysosomes
C
45
In the presence of oxygen and a fuel source (glucose, fats (glycerol), amino acids), cellular _______ provide an abundant supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and heat.
a) mitochondria
b) ribosome
c) centrioles
d) endoplasmic reticulum
mitochindira
46
NURSING ACTION.
Describe why prolonged pressure on the skin would cause cell death (pressure injury).
becasue there is no blood no ATP = dead no life
47
facilitated diffusion
48
facilitated diffusion
type of passive transport where molecules move across a cell membrane with the help of special proteins
49
active transport
Energy is derived from ATP to pump a substance across a
cellular membrane against its concentration gradient
50
phagocytes
Type of endocytosis in which large particles such as
pathogens are taken into the cell
51
exocytosis
Movement of materials out of the cell by the
52
________ are microorganisms that grow in clusters of spherical-shaped bacteria.
a) Diplobacillus
b) Streptococcus
c) Staphylococcus
d) Spirochaetes
C
53
________ are survival structures formed by some strains of bacillus.
a) Eukaryotes
b) Prions
c) Viruses
d) Endospores
D
54
simple epithelium has _____ layer of cells
one
55
stratified epithelium has ______ layer of cells
many
56
______ epithelium has cells that are flattened like fish scales
squamous
57
_______ epithelium has cells that are cube shaped.
cubodial
58
______ epithelium has cells that are column shaped.
columnar
59
simple squamous is found in ____
lungs
60
simple cuboidal is located in _____
kidneys
61
simple columnar is located in ____
stomach
62
Stratified squamous is located in _____
skin
63
name 5 connective tissue types found in the body
loose, dense, bone, cartilage and blood
64
NURSING ACTION. For transdermal medications to be absorbed through the skin must they be water or fat-soluble? What implications does this have to the administering nurse?
fat soluble , will also absorb through nurses skin
65
NURSING ACTION. What anatomy and physiology of the hypodermis (subcutaneous) facilitates its use as an injection site?
no nerve endings, adipose, vascular
66
NURSING ACTION. What anatomy and physiology of the skin facilitates the regulation of body
temperature?
vasoconstriction and vasodilation
67
NURSING ACTION. How would pulling the bed clothes over a patient with a raised body
temperature (pyrexia) interfere with this regulatory mechanism?
reduce heat loss, temperature may rise further
68
Where is the liver located
right hypochondriac
69
where is the stomach located
left hypochondriac
70
appendix located
right inguinal/ hypogastric
71
avascular region
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
epidermis
72
dead cells are in stratum ......
startum corneum
73
produces keratin
keratinocytes
74
connects keratinocytes
desmosomes
75
protein fibre making epidermis tough
keratin
76
waterproofing layer of epidermis (granules)
stratum granulosum
77
contains epidermal stem cells (cell division)
stratum basale
78
produce melatin
melanocytes
79
cell type ...phagocytic cells in epidermis (immune system)
dendritic
80
protein fibre making dermis tough
collagen
81
superficial dermis layer (loose connective)
papillary
82
major skin area (dense connective tissue, vascular)
reticular
83
The epidermis is composed of
a) unkeratinised simple columnar epithelium
b) keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
c) adipose tissue
d) irregular dense connective tissue
B
84
_______is not a component of the sweat produced by a merocrine gland.
a) Water
b) Ammonia
c) Sodium chloride
d) Sebum
D
85
Nutrients reach the epidermis by the membrane transport process of
a) absorption
b) evaporation
c) osmosis
d)) diffusion
D
86
_______can provide 30% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin D, are a rich source of
amino acids and fibre and are not a plant.
a) Mushrooms
b) Sweet potatoes
c) Broccoli
d) Beans
A
87
Humans with a body weight within the recommended range have % of their adipose
tissue in the subcutaneous layer of their skin and % positioned as visceral fat.
a) 10; 90
b) 90; 10
c) 55;45
d) 45; 55
B
88
osteoblasts
produces new bone extracellular matrix (collagen and minerals).
89
osteocytes
maintains the bone extracellular matrix (mature bone cell).
90
osteoclasts
breaks the bone extracellular matrix.
91
Activation of which bone cell type would decrease the level of calcium in the blood?
osteoblast
92
Activation of which bone cell type would increase the level of calcium in the blood?
osteoclast
93
List the role(s) of calcium in the human body.
1. muscle contraction
2. nerve impulse formation
3. blood clotting
4. bone density
94
NURSING ACTION. Bone density declines when bones are not subjected to physical stress.
Therefore, what is the reasoning behind a nurse performing passive limb exercises for an immobile
patient?
moving limbs, causes muscle to pull upon bones via tendons
95
All minerals must be included in the diet as they are not synthesised by human cells. Minerals
and vitamins are required for the structure and function of the human body. For example, one of the
many roles of vitamin is to facilitate the absorption of dietary calcium across the wall of the
small intestine into the blood.
a) A
b) B12
c) C
d) D
D
96
All the foods listed below contain dietary calcium. Identify the option that contains calcium in
its most absorbable form.
a) Canned salmon, tinned sardines
b) Soybeans (tofu, edamame, miso, soy milk, tempeh)
c) Cheese, yoghurt, milk, dairy kefir
d) Dark green leafy vegetables, oranges, figs, nuts, baked beans
C
97
Vitamin C is also required for the absorption of iron (Fe) from plant sources (non-haem). All the
foods listed below contain dietary vitamin C. Identify the option that contains most vitamin C.
a) Pork, beef, lamb, tuna, anchovy, prawns
b) Eggs, butter, semi-skimmed milk, yoghurt
c) Limes, radish, mushrooms, beans, rice, oats
d) Kale, yellow pepper, kiwi, strawberries, tomatoes
D
98
Identify which region of the long bone above osteoarthritis damages?
articular cartliage
99
Why is it more difficult to dislocate the femur from the pelvis (ball and socket joint) than the
humerus from the scapula (ball and socket joint)?
femur head articulates with deeper cavity and held in place with more ligaments
100
List the four main structural features of a synovial joint.
1. articular cartilage
2. fibrous capsule
3. joint cavity
4. ligaments to reinforce
101
granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, besophils
102
Agranular leukocytes
lymphecytes, monecytes
103
basophils
Granules with histamine and heparin
104
neutrophil
Most numerous leukocyte
105
macrophage
Derived from a monocyte
106
lymphocyte
Immune response (lymph tissue)
107
erythrocyte
contains hameoglobin
108
erythropoietin
stimulates makin gof erthrocytes
109
platlets
Forms a temporary plug to stop bleeding
110
Why might patients suffering from kidney disease be anaemic
less erythrocytes
111
NURSING ACTION. How does the anatomy and physiology of the radius and radial artery
facilitate the taking of a radial pulse?
radial artery parallel to radius, compress artery against bone allows detection
112
Name one mineral and one fat-soluble vitamin that is required for normal blood clotting
calcium and vitiman K
113
Almost half of our vitamin K is synthesised by our microbiota (Escherichia coli) in the colon
(large intestine). Based on this information, how could a prescribed long-term broad-spectrum
antibiotic be the cause of frequent nose bleeds?
liver uses VK for blood clotting factors
114
Name the three stages of HAEMostasis (Figure 12.13).
vasospasm, platelet plug and blood coagulation
115
The four atoms of in one haemoglobin each bind one molecule of oxygen (O2).
a) potassium
b) sodium (Na)
c) copper (Cu)
d) iron (Fe)
D
116
itochondrial enzymes require iron (Fe) to function. The foods listed below all contain iron.
Identify the option that contain the most absorbable form of iron (haem-based).
a) Red meat, pork, turkey, liver, seafood, eggs
b) Chickpeas, pumpkin seeds, tofu, legumes, dates
c) Oysters, dried apricots, pistachios, sesame seeds, avocados
d) Spinach, kale, broccoli, sweet potato, edamame beans
A
117
Chronic inflammation initiates structural changes to blood vessels. Would inflammation of the
tunica interna and media reduce or increase the flexibility and lumen size of a blood vessel?
reduce therefore low blood flow
118
where is youre heart
inferior mediastinum, medial cavity of thorax
119
how big is you're heart
size of you're fist
120
what does your heart do
pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation and body for transportation of gases, wastes etc
121
Why is the right side of the heart above coloured blue?
oxygen content lower
122
hat differences in pitch, duration and loudness of the two main sounds did you hear?
first - longer, louder
second - short and sharp
123
Circle the incorrect statement.
a) Veins always carry blood toward the heart
b) Arteries always carry blood high in oxygen
c) Arteries always carry blood away from the heart
d) Capillaries deliver gases and nutrients to cells
B
124
Mitral valve
Blood from the left atrium flows THROUGH this structure.
125
Tricuspid valve
Blood from the right atrium flows THROUGH this structure.
126
Pulmonary trunk
blood leaves the right ventricle and flows INTO this structure.
127
left atrium
Blood returns INTO this structure once fully oxygenated by lungs.
128
aorta
Blood moves OUT of the left ventricle into this structure.
129
right atrium
Location of the hearts' pacemaker (SA node).
130
atrial diastole
Atria relax
131
atrial systole
Atria contract, ventricles fill
132
Ventricular systole
Ventricles contract, tricuspid and mitral valves close, then aortic and pulmonary valves open
133
Name the two components of the cardiac output.
heart rate x stroke volume
134
List some factors that can influence stroke volume or heart rate.
Heart rate - temperature, nerves, hormones
Stroke volume - venous return volume, filling time
135
NURSING ACTION. What intervention(s) would address a reduction in a patient's blood volume
and blood pressure?
intravenous fluids , oral fluids
136
List some functions of pulmonary ventilation.
venous blood flow
lymph flow
speech
smell
137
Air entering at the nose passes through the following respiratory structures. Number these
structures in correct anatomical order starting from the nasal cavity.
1. nasal cavity
2. pharynx
3. larynx
4. trachea
5. bronchi
6. bronchioles
7. alveoli
138
The lungs are mostly passageways and elastic tissue. What is the role of the elastic tissue?
lungs recoil passively when exhaling, conserving ATP
139
what is the specific function of cilia in the trachea?
move contaminated mucus to oropharynx for swallowing
140
NURSING ACTION. Why encourage patients to breathe in through their nose rather than their
mouth?
it filters, warms, humidify and traps debris better
141
NURSING ACTION. As a tracheostomy bypasses the nasal cavity how would this effect the
quality of the air inspired by the patient? What could the nurse do to assist with this problem?
air - colder, dryer
nurse - warm and humidify air
142
What are some non-breathing functions of the lungs?
acid base balance food
produce angiotensin
143
Name the two main muscles that initiate the volume and pressure changes in the thorax?
diaphragm and external intercostals
144
When the volume of the thorax increases does the internal pressure increase or decrease relative
to atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg)?
decrease
145
If a patient has a painful chest or abdominal wound how may this effect
their pulmonary ventilation (breathing)?
Discomfort from pan
will reduce depth of
pulmonary ventilation
and therefore gas
exchange (external
respiration)
146
NURSING ACTION. What can a nurse do to alleviate this problem?
pain relief , analgesia
147
NURSING ACTION. Why encourage a patient with a respiratory tract infection to expectorate
their sputum (mucus) into a container rather than swallow it?
swallowing will move infectious agent , products and debris into digestive tract
148
The epiglottis
a) prevents food and water entering the respiratory passages
b) secretes surfactant
c) is composed of smooth muscle
d) is concerned with the exchange of respiratory gases
A
149
When the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract the
a) pulmonary air is forced out of the lungs
b) volume of the thoracic cavity increases
c) epiglottis closes
d) secretion of surfactant is stimulated
B
150
The phrenic nerve ☐
a) stimulates the swallowing reflex
b) supplies the epiglottis
c) stimulates the diaphragm to contract
d) supplies the external intercostal muscles
C
151
A respiratory arrest would result from damage to the
a) hypothalamus
b) medulla oblongata
c) thalamus
d) cerebellum
B
152
In the absence of respiratory surfactant
a) it is difficult to keep the alveoli open
b) the bronchioles relax
c) the alveoli fill with mucus
d) air enters the intrapleural space
A
153
Gases move across the respiratory membrane by
a) filtration
b) diffusion
c) osmosis
d) active transport
B
154
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
a) by haemoglobin
b)) as bicarbonate
c) dissolved in the plasma
d) attached to plasma proteins
B
155
Where are the kidneys in your body?
retroperitoneal and superior lumbar region
156
How big are your kidneys?
x2 computer mouse
157
What do your kidneys do?
filter blood and produce urine, regulate blood volume
158
How much of the blood that is filtered in the kidneys is reabsorbed?
99% reabsorbed 1% exits as urine
159
Name the four steps in urine formation
a) Glomerular filtration
b) Tubular reabsorption
) Tubular secretion
d) Water Conservation
160
The nephrons of the kidney filter the blood and produce urine. In which step of urine formation
are the nephrons overloaded with glucose so that glucose is present in the urine of a patient with
diabetes mellitus?
tubular reabsorption
161
Most nephrons are in the cortex, however 15% have a much longer nephron loop that extends
into the medulla. In conjunction with anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), these juxtamedullary nephrons
concentrate urine during which step in urine formation?
water conservation
162
The afferent arteriole delivers blood to the glomerulus of the nephron where it is filtered. Put the following anatomical structures in the order through which this filtrate would pass.
Collecting duct
Loop of Henle
Ureters
Proximal convoluted tubule Minor calyx
Urethra
Glomerular capsule
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Distal convoluted tubule
1. GLOMERULUS
2. Glomerular capsule
3. Proximal convoluted tubule
4) Nephron loop
5) Distal convoluted tubule
6. Collecting duct
7. Minar calyx
8) Major calyx
9) Renal pelvis
101 Ureter x 2
11) BLADDER
12) Urethra
163
NURSING ACTION. Many patients require catheterisation to assist with the drainage of urine
from the bladder. Into which anatomical structure is a urinary catheter inserted?
urethra
164
NURSING ACTION. Urinary catheters are inserted under aseptic conditions. What anatomy of
the female body increases their risk of contracting a bladder infection (cystitis) compared to a male?
urethra shorter and urethral meatus
165
NURSING ACTION. Why position an attached catheter bag below the patient's body?
maintain flow of urine away from kidneys
166
Renal pelvis
Flat funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter
167
Diuretic
Chemical which enhances urine output
168
nephron
Consists of a glomerular capsule, PCT, LOH, DCT and CD
169
urethra
Muscular tube to drain urine from bladder to outside of body
170
ureters
Conveys urine from kidneys to bladder
171
bladder
Muscular sac for temporary urine storage
172
micturition
The act of emptying the bladder
173
DCT Distal convoluted tubule
Here reabsorption is hormonally mediated
174
ADH
Hormone that causes water retention
175
renin
Enzyme that converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
176
Angiotensin II
Hormone that causes vasoconstriction to raise Bp
177
How would kidney dysfunction affect the homeostasis of the human body?
no urine, waste accumulates and disrupts blood volume
178
NURSING ACTION. In acute medical areas nurses often monitor the hourly urine output of a
catheterised patient. What is the minimal amount of urine the kidneys should produce every hour?
0.5mL/kg/hour
179
To maintain a nitrogen balance in the body (nitrogen input = nitrogen output), it is important to
ingest the recommended amount of protein. This value can be calculated in grams by multiplying
your body weight in Kg by_
a) 0.3
b) 0.5
c) 0.6
d) 0.8
D
180
7. Dietary amino acids are required for the synthesis of human proteins. For example, we rebuild
_ % of our muscle protein each day. Dietary protein is especially important as we age due to a
reduction in our ability to absorb amino acids and loss of muscle mass beyond 40 years. Patients
who are not moving will lose their muscle mass at a faster rate (use it or lose it).
a)) 1 to 2
b) 5 to 10
c) 15 to 20
d) 30 to 40
A
181
Food is mechanically broken down in three locations in the previous figure (Figure 17.1). List
these locations and the mechanical process performed there.
A) Oral cavity (mastication)
B) Stomach (churning)
C) Small intestine (Segmentation)
182
List from proximal to distal the three regions of the small intestine.
a) Duodenum
b) Jejunum
o) Ileum
183
List four locations in the human body that digestive enzymes are produced.
a) Oral cavity
b) Stomach
c)Pancreas
d) Jejunum (microvilli brush border)
183
Mechanical and chemical digestion demonstration (please watch recording on Blackboard)
Chemical digestion is the breakdown of food by enzymes to simpler molecules. Observe the effect of
adding protein-digesting enzymes (proteases) to a solid protein matrix such as gelatine (collagen).
What do you observe when the matrix is only mechanically treated? What do you observe when the
matrix is both mechanically and chemically digested?
solid. only liquid when mechanically and chemically digested
184
palate
Separates nasal cavity from oral cavity
185
stomach
Organ in which protein digestion begins
186
pyloric sphincter
Controls entry of stomach contents into duodenum
187
pancreas
Main source of digestive enzyme
188
gallbladder
Storage site for bile (emulsifies fat)
189
duodenum
Receives pancreatic juice and bile
190
villi
Finger-like projections of jejunum mucosa
191
jejunum
major organ for absorption for nutrients
192
peyers patches
Lymphatic tissue in small intestine
193
colon
Final water absorption and faeces formation
194
appendix
Blind sac hanging from initial part of the colon
195
hepatic portal vein
Delivers absorbed nutrients from the intestines to the liver
196
NURSING ACTION.
10. A medication that is administered via the mouth (oral) is usually designed to be absorbed into
the body (via blood or lymph) through which organ?
jejunum
197
List the structural features of this organ that make it the optimal site for nutrient and
medication absorption.
vascular, muscular and large surface area
198
Identify the choice of fruit that lacks dietary fibre, contains a high amount of fructose and
causes dental erosion (acidity).
a) Dried apple
b) Orange juice
c) Tinned pineapple
d) Frozen berries
B
198
What factors could influence the movement of a medication from the stomach to the jejunum?
food in stomach, food type
199
List some roles of the microbiota in your colon (large intestine).
helps digest food , produce vitamins and produce ATP
