Human body week 4,5,6 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
2 types of glands
A
endocrine - secretes hormones into blood
exocrine - release stuff through ducts to specific surfaces
2
Q
name 5 galnds
A
sebaceous
merocrine
approcrine
ceremonious
mammary
3
Q
merocrine sweat gland
A
type of sweat gland that helps cool the body and remove waste
4
Q
sebaceous gland
A
it in the skin that produces sebum
5
Q
mammary gland
A
gland in womens breast that produces milk to feed babies
6
Q
ceruminous gland
A
special gland in the ear that makes earwax
releases cerumen - earwax
7
Q
Apocrine Sweat Gland
A
it becomes active during puberty and it mainly responsible for body odor
8
Q
Keratinocytes
A
a strong protein that helps protect the skin from damage, germs
produces a protein called keratin
8
Q
Cell Type - Dendritic Cell
A
they are phagocytes
eating cells
8
Q
Cell Type - Stem Cells
A
special cells that can change into other cells - mitosis
9
Q
Cell Layer - Stratum Corneum
A
it has 5-50 layers of VERY DEAD KERATINISED CELLS
9
Q
Cell Type - Melanocyte
A
makes melanin and gives your skin colour
10
Q
Cell Type - Tactile Cell
A
it helps you feel, touch and its connected to our vents
11
Q
Cell Layer - Stratum Lucidum
A
it has a few rows of dead keratinocyte
12
Q
Cell Layer - Stratum Granulosum
A
it has 3-5 layers of keratinocyte
13
Q
Cell Layer - Stratum Spinosum
A
it has stratified (multiple layers) epithelium cells
14
Q
Cell Layer - Stratum Basale
A
it has one layer of epithelial cells and is attached to dermis
15
Q
Loose Connective Tissue
A
most widely spread tissue and is known as the packing tissue
16
Q
4 Types of tissues
A
- connective
- epithelial
- nervous
- muscle
17
Q
Dermis
A
is the middle layer of the skin
its vascular
17
Q
Loose Connective Tissue - AREOLAR
A
contains blood vessels and nerves, lots of space
17
Q
What is the 2 dermis layer
A
papillary layer - TOP THIN LAYER
Reticular layer - THICK LAYER
18
Q
Loose Connective Tissue - RETICULAR
A
contains protein fibres
alot thicker
19
Q
Hypodermis also known as ____
A
subcutaneous tissue
20
Dermis Layer - RETICULAR
composed of dense irregular connective tissue
contains collagen too
21
Cell Layers
1.
2.
1. simple
2. stratified
22
Shape Of Cells
Squamous - flat
Cuboidal - cube
Columnar - collum
23
Epithelial cells
lines and covers surfaces in the body
AVASCULAR - no blood cells
24
Cells are held together by
1.
2.
3.
tight junction
desmosomes
gap junctions
25
Gland
made up of 2 epithelial tissues
25
Adipose Tissue
role is too gather triglercides (type of fat in ur blood)
26
What do Tendons Attach
tendons attach muscles too bones
27
Ligaments attach _____ to _____
ligaments attach BONES to BONES
28
What are the 3 layers of skin
epidermis - top
dermis - middle
hypodermis - below
29
Hair cycle
1.
2.
3.
growth phase
regression
resting
30
Collagen
it s protein that provides structre, stremgth etc
31
Extracellular Matrix
space outside cells that provide support and structure to tissues
32
Glandular Epithelium
type of tissue that makes and releases substances
type of tissue that makes up glands
33
Epithelial
allows body to interact with both its internal and external environment
34
Vasoconstriction
warming
35
vasodilation
cooling
36
Piloerector Muscle
attached to hair follicles
37
Hameoglobin
protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
38
Name 4 type of Bone Cells
osteoblasts
osteogenic
osteocytes
osteoclasts
39
BONE CELL - osteoclasts
bone breaking cells
very big
40
BONE CELL - osteogenic
produce daughter cells
can turn into osteoblasts
41
BONE CELL - osteoblasts
bone producing cells
release collagen
42
BONE CELL - Osteocytes
mature bone cells and keep the bones healthy
43
Cranium composed of 8 bones
1x frontal
2x parietal
2x temporal
1x occipital
1x sphenoid
1x ethimoid
43
Osteon
makes bones strong
44
Types of Cartilage - Fibro
dense , tough and parallel
45
Types of Cartilage - elastic
flexible, compacted with elastic fibres
46
What is a cartilage
smooth connective tissue and provides cushioning
47
3 types of cartilage
elastic
hyaline
fibro
48
Types of Cartilage - Hyaline
dense, fine collagen fibres
49
Hand Bones
14x phalanges
5x metacarpals
8x carpals
50
Pelvic girdle
set of bones that connects ur spine to ur legs
51
Bones In Foot
7x tarsal
5x metatarsals
14x phalanges
52
Pectoral Girdle (shoulder)
CLAVICLE
joins scapula to strenum
52
Pectoral Girdle (shoudler)
SCAPULA
know as shoulder blade
53
Bone - Leg to Thigh
femur - thigh bones
patella - knee cap
54
Bone - Knee to Ankle
Tibia - shin bone
Fibula - stick like
55
Bone - elbow to wrist
ulna - pinky
radius - thumb
56
Bone - shoulder to elbow
humorous
57
Epiphyseal Plate - Long Bone
known as the growth plate
found between end and middle of the bone
58
Spongy Bone
contains red bone marrrow
found at the end of long bone
59
Compact Bone
composed of osteons
60
Long Bone - ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
layer that covers the ends of bones
stops friction between bones to move smoothly
60
Irregular Bone
only if it doesn't fit into any other bones e.g. pelvic
61
Flat Bone
curved, wide and thin
protects soft organs
e.g. rib
62
short bone
width and length has to be the same
e.g. carpals - wrist
63
Long Bone
longer then wider
e.g. humerous
64
Osteogenesis
process of bone formation occurs when ur growing or healing
65
Cartilaginous Bone
connected by cartilage and allows some movement
66
Cervical Vertebrae
C1
C2
c1 - atlas - holds ur head up
c2 - axis - helps twist ur head
67
Skeletal division
axial - core of body
appendicular - movement - arms/legs
68
Intervertebral disc
found between vertebrae , acts as a shock absorber
stops bones rubbing against eachother
69
Joints formed when ___
when we put bones together we have a joint
70
Synovial joint - Joint Capsule
tough outer layer that holds the joints together
70
1.Lateral
2.Dorsal
3.Anterior
1. away from the middle line
2. back
3. front
71
Synovial Joint - Joint Cavity
space in the joint filled with fluid to help move smoothly
72
synovial
allows some movement in the knee
found in places that need free movement
73
Synovial Joint - Articular Cartilage
smooth surface on the ends of bones that help then slide wothout rubbing
74
Synovial Joint - Ligaments
strong bonds that hold bones together and keep joint stable
75
Yellow Bone Marrow
stores fat for energy
76
Red Bone Marrow
is the soft tissue and carries red blood cells
found in spongy bones
77
Bony Thorax
true - 1-7 - attached to sternum
false - 8-12 - not attached
floating - 11-12
78
name 2 types of bone tissues
outercompact bone - smooth solid
inner spongy bone - strong but light
79
name the 33 irregular bones in the vertebrae
breaky @7
lunch @12
tea @5
hungry 5 mins later
4 pieces of chocolate
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccyx
80
Bones are held by ____
bones are held by joints and fibrous tissue
81
Hemoglobin
2 globin chains
protein found in RBC
GLOBIN CHAINS
1. beta
2. alpha
82
Erythrocyte - RBC
cells that carry oxygen from lung too the rest of the body
no nucleus
no mitochondria
82
erythropoiesis
process of making RBC
occurs in bone marrow
83
Haemolysis
destruction of RBC
84
Bone marrow
soft spongy tissue found in bones
84
Haemostasis 3 stages
1. vascular spasm
2. platelet plug
3. coagulation (blood clotting)
85
Osmolarity
cosentration of stuff that can pass out through blood vessels
86
Viscosity
how thick a liquid is
blood ...
87
Rhesus
if you had Rhesus
- u have antigen D
if u dont have rhesus
- u dont have antigen D
88
Prothrombin Activator (blood clotting)
1.
2.
3.
4.
- activates the protein
- converts into an enzyme
- throbin molecules occur
- forming molecules of insoluble fibrin - form thread of clot
89
Coagulation
RBC stick together bc of fibrin to form the clot when injured or cut
90
Aggulation
RBC stuck together by forming a ball which restricts blood flow
91
what vitamin is needed for blood clotting
K
92
Fibrinolysis
process of the blood clot dissolving
plasmin dissolves the clot
93
Way of clotting 2 tyes
intrinsic and extrinsic
94
Platelet Plug
platelets stick together to collagen fibres and form a 'seal'
positive feedback
95
Platlets
reduce blood flow by forming blood clot
96
Leukocytes - 2 types
they are white blood cells
1. granular - has extra chemicals
2. a granular - doesnt has that
97
granularcytes
1.
2.
3.
1. neutrophil - attracted too basophil
2. eosinophil - stained by acids and reds
3. basophil - attracted to basic stains
98
A granular - 2 types
1. monocyte - biggest leoukocytes
2. lymphocyte - include t/b cells
99
capillaries and types
continuous -tight junction
fenestrated - holes
sinusoids - large holes
100
tunica externa
protects vessels and surrounding structure
101
tunica media
control of vasodilation and vasoconstriction
102
tunica interna
simple squamous cells
lines the lumen of blood vessels
103
name 3 tunicas
top - interna
middle - media
end - externa
104
Arterial system
arteries that carry oxygenated blood
105
valves
one way doors in ur viens and heart
106
3 types of blood vessels
tubes that trnasport blood throughout the body
1. arteries
2. veins
3. capillaries
107
Arteries
carry blood away the heart
107
veins
carry blood towards the heart
108
capillaries
link arteries to veins
109
throacic pump - inhaling
thoracic pressure -
blood moved -
abdominal pressure -
thoracic pressure - down
blood moved - up
abdominal pressure - moves up
110
muscular pump
muscles contract and press on veins that forces ur blood back to heart
110
thoracic pump - exhale
thoracic pressure
release of compression
abdominal pressure
thoracic pressure - up
release of compression
abdominal pressure - down
