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Psychology 102 > Human development > Flashcards

Human development Flashcards

1
Q

Human development

A

A person’s development from birth to death

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2
Q

Development

A

The prenatal, neonatal, childhood part of development

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3
Q

Domain specificity

A

something that happens that happens on it’s own because of the environment

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4
Q

Mimicry

A

repeating actions or sounds, it’s the way of learning

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5
Q

Quantatative development

A

improvement on a skill

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6
Q

Qualitative

A

when a skill becomes an ability

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7
Q

Connectionism

A

When skills are developed

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8
Q

Prenatal

A

Before birth and when still in the womb

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9
Q

Sensory effects

A

Baby can still hear the mom through the belly which helps the baby recongize the moms voice when born.

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10
Q

Nature

A

The mom’s genes and environment change the nature of the child’s development

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11
Q

Nurture

A

What the mother ingests that effects the baby

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12
Q

Omega 3

A

promotes hand-eye coordination, iq, and wight

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13
Q

Main influences hormone

A

Insulin

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14
Q

Teratogens

A

any chemical that are toxic and disrupt the development of the baby

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15
Q

Types of teratogens

A

Virus, Bacteria, Drugs, Neurotransmitters

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16
Q

Neonatal

A

New born

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17
Q

Maturation

A

The modification of behaviour due to the purning of neurons

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18
Q

Habituation

A

Overtime a child gets less excited by new things because they are used to it.

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19
Q

Pruning of neurons

A

First two years develop many paths then lose the paths during 4 years old to 6 years old

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20
Q

Newborn screening

A

Apgar test for the six basic reflexes

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21
Q

Apgar reflexes

A

Sucking, Moro(defence), Tonic neck (moving head and reach out hand in direction), Barinsky (holding on)

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22
Q

Reason for reflexes

A

development of later movements and signals the development of the cerebellum

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23
Q

Biomarkers

A

help know how developed the brain is

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24
Q

Sensory discrimination

A

When a baby can see the differences using the senses

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25
Q

Visual cliff

A

an experiment to see what age visual cues develop in relation to elevation

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26
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest meaningful unit of sound

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27
Q

Parentese

A

orient towards the higher pitch and slower sounds that a baby prefers

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28
Q

Baby preferences

A

Babies develop music and story prefences when in the womb and prefer the same things over and over

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29
Q

Piaget’s theory

A

This is a “hard stage” theory where one stage has to be resolved before the next can occur.

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30
Q

Schema

A

an internal representation of behaviour. in children this is reflexes

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31
Q

Assimilation

A

adding new information to the schema if it fits

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32
Q

accommodation

A

changing the schema when it doesn’t fit

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33
Q

0-2 years old

A

Sensoy motor stage. this is the age where a child learns about object permanence and symbolic thought. The means that children are aware of objects existing and changing outside of sight.

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34
Q

Object permanence

A

Objects can exist even when you can’t see it

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35
Q

Symbolic thought

A

recongition that item can be moved outside of sight

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36
Q

2-7 years old

A

Pre-operational, this stage is when children learn lack of conservation, reversability, centration and egocentrism.

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37
Q

Lack of conservation

A

When one aspect changes, all information from before the change is thrown out.

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38
Q

Reversability

A

Children cannot remember things how they used to be and only see things as they are.

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39
Q

Centration

A

only focusing on one thing or aspect.

40
Q

Egocentrism

A

A child cannot understand that everyone sees the world from a different set of sensory perspectives.

41
Q

7-11 years old

A

Concrete operational stage where a child can apply logical thinking

42
Q

Logical thinking

A

When a child can apply one mathematical rule at a time, but still has difficulties when applying multiple

43
Q

12 + years old

A

Formal operational, when a child is assumed to have the same level of thinking possible as an adult.

44
Q

Abstract thinking

A

When a child can think about a mathmatical or logical senario outside the confines of normal sensory experiences.

45
Q

Criticisms of Piaget’s theory

A
  1. Only works in a school setting
  2. Kids can achieve some stages socially before they can mathematically
46
Q

Social child theory

A

Children learn socially from other people and learn better in general when guided by an adult.

47
Q

Scaffolding

A

Mentors provide children with guiding questions to let a child control the learning experience and show how to carry out a task

48
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Making challenges one intellectual level above a child’s abilities

49
Q

Artifact

A

An object that only has meaning within the culture

50
Q

Domain specificity (Development theories)

A

A child cannot transfer knowledge from there mathmatical to social spheres/schemas

51
Q

Mother cupboard

A

Predominate western theory that children only love their parents because they provide food

52
Q

Contact comfort

A

Predominate theory of attachment that children love their parents because they provide emotional support

53
Q

Strange situation

A

An experiment to test a child’s emotional relationship with there primary care giver by the child’s reaction when the mother returns

54
Q

Secure attachment

A

High proximity and low anxiety when around care giver, giving a child a caring are trustful relationship

55
Q

Anxious attachment

A

Hight proximity, high anxiety, likely from an Asian culture where kids are not left alone

56
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Low anxiety, low proximity, likely from a metateranian culture where kids have multiple care givers.

57
Q

A stage in life that is only present in western cultural and is defined by puberty and hormones

A

Adolescence

58
Q

Creating new neuro connections before two

A

Synaptic genesis

59
Q

The removal of neuro connections that are not needed. Occurs from 12 - 16

A

Synaptic pruning

60
Q

What age is the brain considered an adult

A

12 years old

61
Q

Parents who are warm, sensitive to child’s needs, and includes the child in decision making

A

Authoritative parenting

62
Q

High self-esteem, cooperativeness, self-control, social maturity

A

Authoritative parenting outcomes

63
Q

Parent who is harsh, makes demands of child, creates hard rules, and critical

A

Authoritarian parenting

64
Q

Low self-esteem, anxious, unhappy, often angry and aggressive.

A

Authoritarian parenting outcomes

65
Q

Warm, accepting, overindulgent and overly giving

A

permissive parenting

66
Q

Impulsive, disobedient, dependant, and where many intitled people comes from

A

permissive parenting outcomes

67
Q

Emotionally detached, and little energy spent on child

A

Neglectful parenting

68
Q

Anxious, poor communicators, anti-social

A

Neglectful parenting style outcomes

69
Q

Things that cause a parent to change their attitudes

A

Child’s temperament, situation, age, and cognition

70
Q

A hard stage theory that explains how morals develop

A

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

71
Q

Egoism

A

How the individual feels about them self

72
Q

Social

A

how the individual feels about them self

73
Q

Principal

A

rules for life

74
Q

Three spheres of moral development

A

egoism, social and principal

75
Q

Stage one and two occur before 9 years old and the child learns about what they can get away with

A

Pre-conventional

76
Q

where the child is encouraged to avoid pain but cannot see the perspective of others

A

Stage 1

77
Q

A child will get a reward if they ydo the right thing. The reward can be anything from socially fitting in to getting candy. The child also understands that others have goals and preferences

A

Stage 2

78
Q

Morality is all about doing what is right to get society’s approval.

A

Conventional

79
Q

The expectancies of society are followed and the intentions of others are recognized

A

Stage 3

80
Q

Following the rules only to avoid being arrested, so that society doesn’t disapprove. Understand abstract normative systems.

A

Stage 4

81
Q

Only 10 to 15% of people get here and morality is determined by ethical prinicpals

A

Post-conventional

82
Q

Promoting society’s well being based on one’s own principals of morality

A

Stage 5

83
Q

Achieving justice through mutual respect

A

Stage 6

84
Q

Criticisms of Kohlberg

A
  1. Towards a masculine view of morals
  2. Morals change by culture
  3. Does not consider the emotional side of decisions
85
Q

Our idenity is based around how we find our job and if we did enough exploration and how committed we are.

A

Identity status (Erikson)

86
Q

What are the four identities

A

Identity forclosure (High commitment low expoloration), identity diffusion (low everything), Identiy achievement ( high everything), Moratorium ( high exploration low commitment)

87
Q

A soft stage social development theory that focuses on if the child has a negative or positive outcome at each stage. This development influences their identity.

A

Erikson’s development theory

88
Q

How to gain wisdom

A

With a positive outcome in each of erikson’s developmental stages a person gains wisdom.

89
Q

Trust verus mistrust

A

birth to 1

90
Q

Autonomy versus shame

A

1 to 3

91
Q

Initiative versus guilt

A

3 to 6

92
Q

Industry versus inferiority

A

6 to 12

93
Q

identity veruse confusion

A

12 to 20

94
Q

intimacy versus isolation

A

20 -30

95
Q

generativity versus self-absorbtion

A

30 to 65

96
Q

Integrity versus despair

A

65+

Psychology 102 (6 decks)

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