Human development Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
Human development
A
A person’s development from birth to death
2
Q
Development
A
The prenatal, neonatal, childhood part of development
3
Q
Domain specificity
A
something that happens that happens on it’s own because of the environment
4
Q
Mimicry
A
repeating actions or sounds, it’s the way of learning
5
Q
Quantatative development
A
improvement on a skill
6
Q
Qualitative
A
when a skill becomes an ability
7
Q
Connectionism
A
When skills are developed
8
Q
Prenatal
A
Before birth and when still in the womb
9
Q
Sensory effects
A
Baby can still hear the mom through the belly which helps the baby recongize the moms voice when born.
10
Q
Nature
A
The mom’s genes and environment change the nature of the child’s development
11
Q
Nurture
A
What the mother ingests that effects the baby
12
Q
Omega 3
A
promotes hand-eye coordination, iq, and wight
13
Q
Main influences hormone
A
Insulin
14
Q
Teratogens
A
any chemical that are toxic and disrupt the development of the baby
15
Q
Types of teratogens
A
Virus, Bacteria, Drugs, Neurotransmitters
16
Q
Neonatal
A
New born
17
Q
Maturation
A
The modification of behaviour due to the purning of neurons
18
Q
Habituation
A
Overtime a child gets less excited by new things because they are used to it.
19
Q
Pruning of neurons
A
First two years develop many paths then lose the paths during 4 years old to 6 years old
20
Q
Newborn screening
A
Apgar test for the six basic reflexes
21
Q
Apgar reflexes
A
Sucking, Moro(defence), Tonic neck (moving head and reach out hand in direction), Barinsky (holding on)
22
Q
Reason for reflexes
A
development of later movements and signals the development of the cerebellum
23
Q
Biomarkers
A
help know how developed the brain is
24
Q
Sensory discrimination
A
When a baby can see the differences using the senses
25
Visual cliff
an experiment to see what age visual cues develop in relation to elevation
26
Phonemes
Smallest meaningful unit of sound
27
Parentese
orient towards the higher pitch and slower sounds that a baby prefers
28
Baby preferences
Babies develop music and story prefences when in the womb and prefer the same things over and over
29
Piaget's theory
This is a "hard stage" theory where one stage has to be resolved before the next can occur.
30
Schema
an internal representation of behaviour. in children this is reflexes
31
Assimilation
adding new information to the schema if it fits
32
accommodation
changing the schema when it doesn't fit
33
0-2 years old
Sensoy motor stage. this is the age where a child learns about object permanence and symbolic thought. The means that children are aware of objects existing and changing outside of sight.
34
Object permanence
Objects can exist even when you can't see it
35
Symbolic thought
recongition that item can be moved outside of sight
36
2-7 years old
Pre-operational, this stage is when children learn lack of conservation, reversability, centration and egocentrism.
37
Lack of conservation
When one aspect changes, all information from before the change is thrown out.
38
Reversability
Children cannot remember things how they used to be and only see things as they are.
39
Centration
only focusing on one thing or aspect.
40
Egocentrism
A child cannot understand that everyone sees the world from a different set of sensory perspectives.
41
7-11 years old
Concrete operational stage where a child can apply logical thinking
42
Logical thinking
When a child can apply one mathematical rule at a time, but still has difficulties when applying multiple
43
12 + years old
Formal operational, when a child is assumed to have the same level of thinking possible as an adult.
44
Abstract thinking
When a child can think about a mathmatical or logical senario outside the confines of normal sensory experiences.
45
Criticisms of Piaget's theory
1. Only works in a school setting
2. Kids can achieve some stages socially before they can mathematically
46
Social child theory
Children learn socially from other people and learn better in general when guided by an adult.
47
Scaffolding
Mentors provide children with guiding questions to let a child control the learning experience and show how to carry out a task
48
Zone of proximal development
Making challenges one intellectual level above a child's abilities
49
Artifact
An object that only has meaning within the culture
50
Domain specificity (Development theories)
A child cannot transfer knowledge from there mathmatical to social spheres/schemas
51
Mother cupboard
Predominate western theory that children only love their parents because they provide food
52
Contact comfort
Predominate theory of attachment that children love their parents because they provide emotional support
53
Strange situation
An experiment to test a child's emotional relationship with there primary care giver by the child's reaction when the mother returns
54
Secure attachment
High proximity and low anxiety when around care giver, giving a child a caring are trustful relationship
55
Anxious attachment
Hight proximity, high anxiety, likely from an Asian culture where kids are not left alone
56
Avoidant attachment
Low anxiety, low proximity, likely from a metateranian culture where kids have multiple care givers.
57
A stage in life that is only present in western cultural and is defined by puberty and hormones
Adolescence
58
Creating new neuro connections before two
Synaptic genesis
59
The removal of neuro connections that are not needed. Occurs from 12 - 16
Synaptic pruning
60
What age is the brain considered an adult
12 years old
61
Parents who are warm, sensitive to child's needs, and includes the child in decision making
Authoritative parenting
62
High self-esteem, cooperativeness, self-control, social maturity
Authoritative parenting outcomes
63
Parent who is harsh, makes demands of child, creates hard rules, and critical
Authoritarian parenting
64
Low self-esteem, anxious, unhappy, often angry and aggressive.
Authoritarian parenting outcomes
65
Warm, accepting, overindulgent and overly giving
permissive parenting
66
Impulsive, disobedient, dependant, and where many intitled people comes from
permissive parenting outcomes
67
Emotionally detached, and little energy spent on child
Neglectful parenting
68
Anxious, poor communicators, anti-social
Neglectful parenting style outcomes
69
Things that cause a parent to change their attitudes
Child's temperament, situation, age, and cognition
70
A hard stage theory that explains how morals develop
Kohlberg's theory of moral development
71
Egoism
How the individual feels about them self
72
Social
how the individual feels about them self
73
Principal
rules for life
74
Three spheres of moral development
egoism, social and principal
75
Stage one and two occur before 9 years old and the child learns about what they can get away with
Pre-conventional
76
where the child is encouraged to avoid pain but cannot see the perspective of others
Stage 1
77
A child will get a reward if they ydo the right thing. The reward can be anything from socially fitting in to getting candy. The child also understands that others have goals and preferences
Stage 2
78
Morality is all about doing what is right to get society's approval.
Conventional
79
The expectancies of society are followed and the intentions of others are recognized
Stage 3
80
Following the rules only to avoid being arrested, so that society doesn't disapprove. Understand abstract normative systems.
Stage 4
81
Only 10 to 15% of people get here and morality is determined by ethical prinicpals
Post-conventional
82
Promoting society's well being based on one's own principals of morality
Stage 5
83
Achieving justice through mutual respect
Stage 6
84
Criticisms of Kohlberg
1. Towards a masculine view of morals
2. Morals change by culture
3. Does not consider the emotional side of decisions
85
Our idenity is based around how we find our job and if we did enough exploration and how committed we are.
Identity status (Erikson)
86
What are the four identities
Identity forclosure (High commitment low expoloration), identity diffusion (low everything), Identiy achievement ( high everything), Moratorium ( high exploration low commitment)
87
A soft stage social development theory that focuses on if the child has a negative or positive outcome at each stage. This development influences their identity.
Erikson's development theory
88
How to gain wisdom
With a positive outcome in each of erikson's developmental stages a person gains wisdom.
89
Trust verus mistrust
birth to 1
90
Autonomy versus shame
1 to 3
91
Initiative versus guilt
3 to 6
92
Industry versus inferiority
6 to 12
93
identity veruse confusion
12 to 20
94
intimacy versus isolation
20 -30
95
generativity versus self-absorbtion
30 to 65
96
Integrity versus despair
65+
