Language

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

A set of symbols used to convey a meaning

Question 2

Generating words in a structured and comprehensible manner

Answer 2

Language production

Question 3

The creative process of creating new sentences each time we speak instead of reusing old one from a memory bank.

Answer 3

Generative language

Question 4

The expression of language through sounds

Answer 4

speech

Question 5

The ability to understand vocalizations or gestures

Answer 5

language comprehension

Question 6

The general building blocks of language

Answer 6

phonology, semantics, syntax, pragmatics

Question 7

The smallest unit of sound that can be described as a word

Answer 7

phonemes

Question 8

The smallest unit of language that conveys meaning

Answer 8

morphemes

Question 9

The meaning of a word

Answer 9

semantics

Question 10

The dictionary definition of a word that may change overtime

Answer 10

lexical meaning

Question 11

How the structure of the sentence changes the meaning of the word

Answer 11

syntax

Question 12

The part of expressing the meaning of a word or sentence through non verbal communication

Answer 12

pragmatics

Question 13

How is non-verbal communication aquired?

Answer 13

It is aquired automatically by observation

Question 14

How fast does vocabulary and production level grow?

Answer 14

A baby’s vocabulary increases three times as fast as their production level

Question 15

Between 2 to 4 months old babies learn the phonemes of the languages they hear

Answer 15

Prevocal learning

Question 16

At 2 months of age babies attempt vocalizations and practicing sounds

Answer 16

Cooing

Question 17

At 6 months babies test putting vocalizations together, but these vocalizations are often meaningless

Answer 17

Babbling

Question 18

At about 1 year old, a baby begins to say simple words and can understand about 50 words

Answer 18

first words

Question 19

Speaking in short sentences with simple meaning and many grammar inconsistencies

Answer 19

Telegraphic speech

Question 20

at 3 years of age, a child understands the practicalities of language use,

Answer 20

pragmatics

Question 21

at age 4, children have learned language rules without any education

Answer 21

grammar

Question 22

Effects of socio-economics on language development

Answer 22

The more impoverished a child is the less communication they receive from their parents and they also receive more prohibitions. The child is likely to be more academically stunted.

Question 23

When is it best to learn a second language?

Answer 23

Before the age of 13

Question 24

A window of time when certain influences must occur for the appropriate formation of the brain

Answer 24

critical period

Question 25

A window of time where the brain is more susceptible to influences.

Answer 25

sensitive period

Question 26

Language acquisition occurs throughout life

Answer 26

sensitive period learning

Question 27

initial language influence required for appropreate brain development in childhood

Answer 27

critical period of learning

Question 28

B.F. Skinner

Answer 28

Theory suggests that by praising a child for producing coherant speech, the child can be conditioned to talk.

Question 29

Experience enhances the biological development of language learning. If a baby is not exposed to phonemes, the capacity to distinguish phonemes diminishes.

Answer 29

Interactive theories

Question 30

Slow, high-pitched voices

Answer 30

child-directed speech

Question 31

Effects of formal education on grammar

Answer 31

when a child is aware of the rules of a language, they are more likely to make mistakes. This is referred to as overregulation.

Question 32

Reading aquisition

Answer 32

Occurs around 5 or 6 years old and is trained through formal education. After reading is aquired, it becomes automatic.

Question 33

What hemisphere of the brain is language associated with.

Answer 33

left.

Question 34

section of the frontal lobe associated with language production.

Answer 34

broca's area

Question 35

The inability to produce coherent speech

Answer 35

Broca's aphasia

Question 36

section of the temporal lobe associated with language comprehension

Answer 36

werinke's area

Question 37

An impairment to understand verbal auditory communication.

Answer 37

Werinke's aphasia

Question 38

a symptom of broca's aphasia where a person cannot form grammatical sentences

Answer 38

agrammatism

Question 39

Brain area for profanity

Answer 39

amygdala

Question 40

Brain area for understanding figurative language

Answer 40

right hemisphere

Question 41

Picturing things in your mind

Answer 41

Mental imagery

Question 42

Examples of thinking without the use of words

Answer 42

mental imagery and spatial navigation

Question 43

Visual imagery used to solve problems by imagining them.

Answer 43

spatial navigation

Question 44

The vocabulary used for certain objects or concepts influence the way we think about them.

Answer 44

Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Question 45

Evidence for linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 45

The words used to describe colours across cultures change the number of colour categories a person can communicate.

Question 46

Evidence for linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 46

The words used to describe colours across cultures change the number of colour categories a person can communicate.

Question 47

Executive function

Answer 47

the ability to control and manage mental processing

Question 48

dysexecutive syndrom

Answer 48

impairments in the ability to control mental activities

Question 49

determining how to reach a goal

Answer 49

problem solving

Question 50

Problems that have one distinct answer or solution

Answer 50

well-defined problems

Question 51

Problems that don't have a defined answer

Answer 51

ill-defined problems

Question 52

A problem solving strategy that can solve the problem every time by following certain steps

Answer 52

algorithm

Question 53

Shortcuts strategies like estimating

Answer 53

heuristic

Question 54

A eurika moment

Answer 54

insight

Question 55

The tendency to use problem-solving strategies that have always worked in the past

Answer 55

mental set

Question 56

The tendency to vieww objects as only having one use or function

Answer 56

functional fixedness

Question 57

the tendency to only look for information that meets our expectations and disregard anything that does not

Answer 57

confirmation bias

Question 58

the assumption that individuals who share one characteristic must have other similar characteristics

Answer 58

representativeness heuristic

Question 59

Assuming that more easily recalled events are more common

Answer 59

avalibility heursitic

Question 60

Thinking about one's own thoughts

Answer 60

metacognition

Question 61

the awareness of one's own mental states

Answer 61

theory of mind

Question 62

Episodic knowledge

Answer 62

this is gaining knowledge by engagement and experience

Question 63

Template theory

Answer 63

using exemplars to form a structure by matching something new to something in memory

Question 64

The process of selecting certain characteristics to create a catagory

Answer 64

perceptual tuning

Question 65

Compairing all the characteristics of the exemplars to the ideal to make a category

Answer 65

prototype theory

Question 66

What is the process of integrating new information in episodic knowledge?

Answer 66

When new information is added that doesn't fit the prototype, the catagory reverts back to a template to reorganize the characteristics

Question 67

A mental representation of connected ideas of feature

Answer 67

Semantic knowledge

Question 68

Compairing all the features to group items

Answer 68

Compassion model

Question 69

Features that are necessary for the meaning of the item

Answer 69

defining features

Question 70

features that are descriptive, but not essential to knowing what the item is

Answer 70

characteristic features

Question 71

A decrease in time to group items due to one item not matching the defining features of the others

Answer 71

Atypically effect

Question 72

The meaning of a word

Answer 72

semantic

Question 73

Word associations that create a categorial structure

Answer 73

semantic networks

Question 74

What can word associations be?

Answer 74

concepts (abstract), properties (traits)

Question 75

Estimation of an event based on previous similar events

Answer 75

representative heuristic

Question 76

using the parameters/probability of an event to find the solution

Answer 76

probability algorithems

Question 77

What is creative problem solving?

Answer 77

using information from one event and applying it to another

Question 78

Having many equal options for one item

Answer 78

flat hierarchies

Question 79

The symbolic representation of a word

Answer 79

Universal grammar

Question 80

How language changes our sensations (conception) and our perception (categorial thinking) of thoughts

Answer 80

Linguistic determinism

Question 81

Sounds that express a state

Answer 81

affect

Question 82

Communicative sounds that reference something abstract (think monkeys)

Answer 82

ideas

Question 83

Inferring to what something is

Answer 83

Inferrential thinking