human geo unit 5 Flashcards
(44 cards)
1
Q
two driving factors that have always shaped agriculture
A
- physical geography
2. economics
2
Q
intensive farming
A
agriculture that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to space being used
3
Q
market gardening: intensive farming practice
A
- fruit farming
- mostly found in California
- most produce grown today is sold to companies to be frozen or canned
4
Q
plantation agriculture: intensive farming practice
A
- producing crops for profit
- large commercial farms that specialize in one crop
- intensive and exploit cheap labour
5
Q
mixed crop and livestock: intensive farming practice
A
- majority of crops grown are fed directly to livestock
- used to fatten the animals to kill
- the most common type of agriculture in developed countries
6
Q
extensive farming
A
agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital and paid labour relative to the amount of space being used
7
Q
hunting and gathering: extensive farming practice
A
- the earliest form of obtaining food
- gender role specific: men hunt, women gather
8
Q
pastoral nomadism: extensive farming practice
A
- a form of subsistence farming
- people travel from place to place with their herds of domesticated animals depending on their culture and climate
9
Q
transhumance
A
seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer and lower elevations in the winter
10
Q
shifting cultivation: extensive farming practice
A
- a from of subsistence farming where farmers(usually in tropical regions) move from field to field which is called shifting cultivation
- also known as slash and burn agriculture
- on cleared land, they plant and harvest crops until the soil becomes less fertile, then they repeat the process
11
Q
livestock ranching: extensive farming practice
A
- the commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area
- similar to pastoral nomadism
12
Q
rural settlement patterns
A
shape different rural land-use patterns. classified as clustered, dispersed, or linear
13
Q
clustered: rural settlement pattern
A
- throughout European history, rural residents usually lived in clustered spaces near the village
- this made it difficult to watch over crops and animals
14
Q
dispersed: rural settlement pattern
A
- found in north America
- people lived in homes spread throughout the country side
- as a result, agricultural villages were extremely rare in this region
15
Q
linear: rural settlement pattern
A
- people lived in patterns of houses or building following the lines of the road and transport routes
- usually constructed for easy access to transportation routes for people and goods
16
Q
rural survey method
A
- English surveying system= metes and bounds
- American surveying system= townships and range
- French surveying system= long- lot system
17
Q
English surveying systems
A
- fields in England often had irregular shapes that reflected the location of physical features and traditional patterns of use
- pot boundaries were described using the metes(used for short distances) and bounds(for larger areas)
18
Q
American surveying systems
A
- the English colonies in America used metes and bounds but in 1785 the US switched
- the gov organized land into townships and ranges, areas six miles long and six miles wide
19
Q
French Surveying Systems
A
- emphasized the value of access to a river for water and trade
- developed a long lot system in which farms were long thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river
20
Q
the five centers of hearts in the first agricultural region
A
- southwest asia
- southeast asia
- east asia
- sub-saharan africa
- mesoamerica
21
Q
animal domestication
A
- raising and caring of animals by humans for protection or food
- began in central asia when hunters domesticated dogs, which led to people in southwest asia domesticating goats and sheeps
22
Q
plan domestication
A
- the growing of crops that people planted, raised, and harvested, probably began after animal domestication
- first seed cultivation in the nile river valley
23
Q
The First(Neolithic) Agricultural Revolution
A
- the origin of farming
- marked by the first domestication of plants and animals
- much of the farming that happened was substinence
24
Q
The Second Agricultural Revolution
A
- began in the 1700s
- used the advances of the Industrial Revolution to increase food supplies and population growth
25
The Third Agricultural Revolution
- began in the 1960s
| - includes the green revolution, as well as agribusiness model of companies selling food and products to customers
26
bid-rent theory
an economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the central business district(CBD) increases
27
agribusiness
the integration of various steps of production in the food-processing industry
28
monoculture
raising of a single cash crop on large plots of land
29
the supply chain
a system of resources, producer transportation, communication, information, and consumers
30
vertical integration
when a company owns several smaller businesses involved in different steps in developing a product
31
Von Thunen Model
a economic model created by a farmer in germany that suggested a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market
- assumed that farming in an economic process of that farmers will try to make a profit
- based on the idea that there is only one central market situated on a flat plain, and that all locations have the same advantages
- two underlying assumptions: farmers will try to minimize distance and transportation costs
32
Zone One: Von Thunen Model
- the zone closest to the market
- suggested that horticulture, a type of agriculture that includes market gardening, truck farming, and dairying would occur- ALL parishable products, so farmers would have to get them to the market quickly
33
Zone Two: Von Thunen Model
- included forests; wood was an extremely important resource in 1826
- wood products are close to the market because they are important and heavy/difficult to transport
- can be stored for a long time, not nearly as perishable as dairy and produce in zone 1
34
Zone Three: Von Thunen Model
- crops such as wheat and corn
- valuable, but not as perishable as zone 1 or as difficult to transport as zone 2
- can be stored for long periods of time, so trips to the market were infrequent
35
Zone Four: Von Thunen Model
- used for grazing of livestock
- could be further away because they could walk to the market and get slaughtered there
- land is cheapest further from the city, so farmers could afford to buy lots of land for the animals to graze
36
The Hinterland: Von Thunen Model
- the land surrounding the area or unchartered area
- separated cities and provides obstacles to movement
- he argued that these lands would eventually develop and increase in value
37
What Von Thunen did not consider: Non-Isotropic Plain
- von thunen assumed that land was a flat plan but real land includes river, mountains, and other physical features
38
What Von Thunen did not consider: Multiple Markets
- von thunen assumed that farmers has one primary market, but they often had secondary markets as well
39
What Von Thunen did not consider: Changes in Transportation
- the development of trains, cars, planes, and storage techniques such as refrigeration has allowed food to be transported much longer distances without spoiling
40
What Von Thunen did not consider: Other Changes in Technology
- changes in technology has modified demand for products such as wood
41
terracing
- the earliest form of human alterations of a landscape
- farmers would build steps into the sides of a hill
- creates flat surfaces which have several benefits- farming is easier, land collects rainfall, reduces soil erosion
42
irrigation
the process of diverting water from its natural course or location to aid in the production of crops
- began in 6000 BCE in Mesopotamia and Egypt
- by the 19th and 20th centuries it became successful in large scale
- practiced world wide, especially in California's central and imperial valleys
43
Clearing trees and other vegetation
- has occurred throughout human history
- mostly practiced in SE Asia, Africa, and rainforests in South America
- small slash and burn is beneficial to the environment but large scale damages it
44
Aquaculture
the practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of protein of food that live in the water
