Human Pathology final prep Flashcards
(314 cards)
1
Q
Homeostasis
A
Organs systems maintain changes in PH, temperature, blood composition and fluid levels.
2
Q
Mortality
A
Measure number of deaths attributed to a disease, in a given population over time.
3
Q
Morbidity
A
is the measure of the disability and extent of illness caused by disease.
4
Q
Prevalence
A
describes the number of cases of a disease at a given time in a specific population
5
Q
Incidence
A
Number of new cases of a disease at a given time in a specified population.
6
Q
Epidemiology
A
is the study of occurrence, transmission, distribution, and control of disease.
7
Q
Etiology
A
The source or cause of a disease.
8
Q
Lesion
A
Any type of damage to cell, organ, tissue
9
Q
Palliative
A
Relief of pain, symptoms or stress or serious illness.
10
Q
Symptomatic
A
Of relating or based on symptoms
11
Q
Active immunity
A
making lymphocytes against the threat
12
Q
Passive immunity
A
given antibodies, passive protection against threats
13
Q
Systemic Lupus Erythematosis
A
Most common auto immune disease
14
Q
Discoid Lupus
A
targets skin, red rash (internal organs are generally safe)
15
Q
Neonatal lupus
A
Rash from breast milk
16
Q
Drug-Induced
A
Medication that alters an antibody
17
Q
Scleroderma
A
Attacking skin, skin thickens.
18
Q
Fibromyalgia
A
Flu-like symptoms, targets sensory nerves.
19
Q
Rheumatoid arthritis
A
tends to act bilaterally
20
Q
Multiple sclerosis
A
attacks myelin sheath
21
Q
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
A
Also known as yuppie flu; immune deficiency low
22
Q
SCID
A
develops in the womb, severe lack of lymphocytes
23
Q
Digeorge syndrome
A
Hereditary, missing thymus
24
Q
Hypersensitivity
A
Over response of immune system
25
Type I (Anaphylactic)
Antibodies over stimulate mast cells/over release of histamine.
26
Type II (cytotoxic)
Normal reaction, too many foreign cells in your body.
27
Type III Immune-complex)
Antibodies are attacking wrong place
28
Type IV (delayed)
Only reports to sleep & thymus/huge reaction, attacks and releases large amounts of histamine
29
Ischemia
Lack of oxygen, (reversible)
30
Infarction
tissue death
31
Chemotaxis
release chemicals to attract white blood cells
32
Hyperemia
Increase blood flow
33
Diapedesis
Movement WBC out of tissue
34
Phagocytosis
breakdown (pus) liquid breakdown of tissue
35
Contagion
The spread of disease from person to person.
36
Endotoxin
Stored within bacteria(salmonella)
37
Exotoxins
Secreted immediately (botulism)
38
Biostatic
Suppress (hold in place)
39
Biocidal
(kill)
40
Prion
Infectious protein
41
Retrovirus
RNA virus that can make a DNA copy of itself. (HIV Virus)
42
Spores
Protective shell to protect from a harsh environment
43
Core
Nucleic acid, protein coat, capsid
44
Naked virus
Core & protein coat
45
Enveloped virus
Core, protein coat, plasma protein
46
Lytic Cycle
Reproduce and kill host cell.
47
Biostatics
Slows down any weakened cell in your body.
48
Antiviral cocktails
Mixture of different antibiotics
49
Protozoa
Classified by how they move
50
Flagellates
Long tails that act like motor boats
51
sporzoans
float
52
Mycelium
How fungi grow
53
Mycosis
General term for infection
54
Reservoir
a host that incubates a pathogen
55
Vector
A host that transports the pathogen without incubation
56
Horizontal
Organism to organism
57
Vertical
Parent to offspring
58
Incidence
New cases
59
Prevalence
Total
60
Outbreak
increase in incidence
61
Endemic
Present at low numbers
62
Epidemic
Outbreak in 1 location
63
Pandemic
Outbreak in several different locations
64
Isolation
Separating an infected person from everyone else
65
Quarantine
Separating a suspected person from everyone else.
66
Disinfection
Reducing the number of microorganisms from a surface.
67
Sterilization
Complete removal of microorganisms.
68
Pasteurization
Disinfecting food without taking away the taste.
69
CDC
Center Disease Control
70
MMWR
Morbidity and Mortality weekly report
71
Herd Immunity
Vaccinate enough members to protect everybody
72
Hypertrophy
Cells gain in size
73
Atrophy
Cells reduce in size
74
Hyperplasia
Multiply's in cell numbers
75
Neoplasia
is an abnormal mass of tissue, result of abnormal growth or cell division
76
Dysplasia
A change in cell appearance.
77
Benign
tumor stay within location
78
Malignant
Cancer, growth of cells/ invade tissue
79
Metastatic
New tumors in new tissues/cells in organs invaded (worst form of cancer)
80
3 stages of transformation in cancer?
Initiation, promotion, progression.
81
Clinical Cancer staging
The TNM system
Tumor size & invasiveness
Nodal involvement (Are the lymph nodes involved)
Metastasis (Has it spread)
82
Immune surveillance
performed from lymph nodes
83
Cancer surveillance
Lymphocytes
84
Hyperchromatism
Excess chromosomes
85
Atypia
Nucleus looks different
86
Penetrance
Is the cell spreading.
87
Adenoma
increase secretion,tumor of gland tissue. benign tumor
88
Lipoma
Adipose tissue (most sensitive to estrogen) benign tumor
89
Myoma
muscle tissue. benign tumor
90
Leiomyoma
Smooth tissue. benign tumor
91
Rhabdomyoma
Skeletal muscle
92
Cardiomyoma
Cardiac muscle
93
Fibroid
Uterine leiomyoma
94
Angioma
Tumor of vessels (vascular or lymphatic)
95
Papilloma
Epithelial tissue
96
Meningioma
Tumor of the meninges
97
Neuroma
Neurons
98
Carcinoma
Cancer of the epithelial tissue
99
Sarcoma
Cancer in the connective tissue
100
Leukemia
Mixed cancer, cancer of the blood cells
101
Lymphoma
Cancer of the lymphatic tissue
102
Melanoma
Tumor of melanocytes (pigment cells in the skin)
103
Blastoma
Tumor of the stem cells
104
Neuroma
Nervous
105
Oncology
Study of medicine that deals with cancer
106
occult
blood in stool
107
Raised mass of neoplastic tissue
Poly P
108
Carcinogens
Chemical that causes cancer
109
Autosomal Dominant Disease
Dominant alles encode that disease/condition health gene.
110
Sex-linked dominant
Always looking for a sex gene.
111
Achondroplasia
Dwarf, Growth plate in femur didn't develop.
112
Marfan syndrome
Defect in connective tissue (tall/ doesn't live passed 50) Aortic aneurism
113
Polydactyly
multiply digits
114
Familial hypercholestrolemia
elevated cholesterol, due to dominant disease
115
Huntington's disease
A neurodegenerative disorder (Does not express till 40)
116
Sex linked dominant
more females than males
117
Sex-linked recessive
More males than females
118
Hemophila
"the royal disease" more men affected (sex-linked recessive)
119
Fragile X Syndrome
Never make it to the child bearing age.
120
HD Rickets
Bone deformity, tremendous arthritis
121
Rett disease
Neurological reversal
122
Female embryo
X-inactivation
123
Barr Body
Collapsed chromosome
124
Non-disjunctional
the mechanism that causes aneuploidy
125
Trisomy 21
Down syndrome, chromosome 21 is small enough to function, causes imbalance, mental and physical limitation
126
sex chromosome abnormalities
Turners syndrome(Genetically female)/phenotype:broad chest, under-developedgenetelia
127
Klinefelter Disease
Genotype-47XYY(genetically male)
128
Example of shuffling
Pseudohermaphroditism, individual that is genetically male/forms testes,lacks testosterone/underdeveloped gonads.
129
Progeria
Rapid age onset
130
Penetrance
How often does the gene express?
131
Amniocentesis
Fetal testing/ 14 weeks/results take 2 weeks
132
CVS
Biopsy, part of the placenta/early as 8 weeks
133
Congenital disease
problem occurs during gestation(appear shortly after birth) Ex:Rubella
134
Syphilis
Bacterial infection (miscarriages & stillborn)
135
Fetal alcohol syndrome
First trimester;exposure to alcohol can cause neural tube defects
136
APGAR
Test performed @ 1 min & 5 mins after delivery
137
Lipoprotein
Molecule that carries lipid in the blood
138
Atherosclerosis
Plaque formation/Lipid accumulation in the blood/reversible with diet & exercise)
139
Arteriosclerosis
Not reversible/calcium deposits.
140
Ischemia
Lack of oxygen
141
Embolism
particle that plugs a vessel
142
Hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure
143
Aneurysm
Localized dilation of the blood vessel
144
Fuisform
Uniformly dilated, dilates in every direction.
145
Saccular
dilation in one direction
146
Pulsating
Remission & relapse
147
AAA (widow maker)
abdominal aortic aneurysm (fatal)
148
Raynaud phenomenon
hyperactive vessels to temperature
149
Angiosarcoma
Cancer tumor in vessels
150
Vasculitis
Inflammation of blood vessels
151
Varicosity
Dilated veins
152
Phlebitis
tortuous blood flow in a varicosity
153
Thromboplebitis
Throwing blood clots
154
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
155
Esophagus varices
common location for varicosity
156
Arrhythmia
lacking a good rhythm
157
Dysrhyhmia
bad rhythm
158
Fibrillation
Uncoordinated contractions
159
Tachycardia
fast
160
Bradycardia
slow
161
Ectopic pacemaker
secondary pacemaker that has stops bad rhythm
162
Congestive heart disease
cardiac tissue filled with fluid, not good blood flow
163
Peripheral Edema
swelling in hands and feet
164
Uncompensated
cardiac failure
165
Coronary artery disease
occlusion and/or hardening
166
Angina pectoris
pain in chest
167
Aspirin
reduces blood clot and pain
168
Right sided heart attack
thin side/ die>fatal
169
Left sided
Survival/thicker aortic/ventricle wall
170
Rheumatic heart disease
most common infection due to streptococcus
171
Congenital heart disease
Something is wrong during development
172
Shock
insufficient oxygen delivery to tissues
173
Stage 1 of shock
Compensated;lost less than 10% of cardiac output.
174
Stage 2 of shock
Progressive shock; loss 10-25% cardiac output. NEED MEDICAL ATTENTION
175
stage 3 of shock
Irreversible; lost 25% of CO2
176
Hypovolemic shock
due to trauma, loss of blood, dehydration,vomiting, diarrhea
177
Cardigenic shock
malfunction with heart
178
Obstructive shock
obstructed vessel
179
Echocardiography
ultrasound for the heart
180
Coronary bypass graft
coronary artery replacement
181
Polycythemia
elevated hematocrit
182
Polycythemia vera
producing too many RBC/ can plug capillaries if too high
183
Blood doping
artificial hematocrit
184
Erthropoitein
multiplies amount of RBC
185
Anemia
decreased oxygen carrier
186
Petechiae
small red bruises
187
Ecchymosis
Large purple bruises
188
Thrombocythemia
elevated platelet count
189
Hemophilia
Decreasing clotting ability
190
Vitamin k
clotting factor
191
Purpura simplex
process of easily bruising
192
Fistula
outward malformation of the blood vessel
193
Leukopenia
too few(leukocytes)
194
Leukocytosis
too many (leukocytes)
195
Agranulocytosis
decreased granulocyte count
196
Leukemia
over production of white blood cells
197
Myelogenous
too many granulocytes
198
lymphocytic
increase in lymphocytes
199
Lymphoma
tumor cancer/malignant in lymphatic tissue
200
Hodgkin
Mild cancer (good prognosis)
201
Non hodgkin
agressive/malignant, poor prognosis
202
CBC
complete blood count
203
Differential blood analysis
Each type of WBC
204
Otorhinlaryngology
studies upper respiratory diseases
205
Pulmonology
Studies lower respiratory diseases
206
Dyspnea
painful breathing
207
Barking cough
dry, irritated
208
productive cough
mucus producing
209
Hemoptysis
bloody cough
210
Erythemia
alot of oxygen in blood
211
cyanosis
Not enough oxygen in blood
212
Rhonchi
obstruction,dry mucus in bronchial tree
213
Rales
cracking sound, loose mucus
214
wheezy
narrowing in air sacs
215
Strider
winding sound from fluid with in aveoli
216
Rub
rubbing sound, (friction)
217
Bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchial tree
218
Asthma
allergic reaction within respiratory tree
219
Bronchoconstruction
produce extra mucus
220
Emphysema
break down air sacs
221
Pleural cavity
space that surrounds lungs
222
Pneumoconiosis
caused by black lung
223
Anthracosis
back lung
224
Asbestosis
breathing asbestus
225
Pulmonary hypertension
may lead to corpulmonace
226
Pleurisy
inflammation of pleural membranes
227
Cystic fibrosis
autosomal recessive condition /results in plugged exocrine gland.
228
Atalectasis
collapsed lung
229
Hemothorax
blood in pleural space
230
Infant respiratory distress syndrom
tall skinny lungs that are inflexible
231
Oscillometry
ultra sound to navigate respiratory tunnels
232
Gastroenterology
studies lower GI tract diseases
233
Melena
black tar in stool sample
234
GERD
common cause chronic alcohol syndrome
235
Bulima Nervosa
Self inflicted vomiting
236
Crohns disease
typically in large intestine, enteritis (chronic inflammation)
237
IBS (Irritable bowel syndrome)
irritated inflamed intestines
238
Ulcers
trauma into the lining of a tube.
239
Volvulus
torsion or twisting of intestines
240
Hernia
organ protrudes out of its space.
241
Prolapse
organ protrudes out of the body
242
Lactose intolerance
person does not make lactase enzyme/person cant break down milk sugar
243
Gluten intolerance
Gluten is a carbohydrate, how many enzymes you do or do not make
244
Celiac disease
Gluten intolerance and developed an autoimmune disease
245
Pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas, due to obstruction.
246
Diabetes Mellitus
Blood sugar problem/ due to insulin problem
247
Gestational diabetes
pregnant form of type II, fetus is unaffected.
248
Pre-eclampsia
Mother has an epileptic seizure (Diabetic seizure)
249
Insulin shock
untreated diabetes mellitus (lack of insulin)
250
Diabetic keto acidosis
diabetic coma/ acetone breath
251
Bile salts
breakdown of hemoglobin
252
Cirrhosis
scar tissue w/ in the liver
253
Hepatitis
inflammation of liver
254
Hep A
spread through fecal matter or orally
255
Hep B
causes chronic cirrhosis (sexually transmitted)
256
Hep C
Hep B like symptoms/chronic (fluid-borne)
257
Hep D
requires prior hep B infection/ long term sever sequela
258
cholelithiasis
gall stone
259
cholecystitus
inflammation of gall bladder
260
chemical analysis
stool & blood
261
indirect visualization
ultrasound
262
direct visualization
endoscopy
263
lithotripsy
using sound waves to shatter stones
264
micturition
release of urine
265
urination
production of urine
266
polyuria
increase production
267
oliguria
decreased production
268
anuria
no production
269
dysuria
painful urination
270
pyuria
puss in urine
271
hemoturia
blood in urine
272
uremia
urine in blood
273
nocturia
increase production at night
274
enuresis
bed wetting
275
urgency
increased sensation to urinate
276
Urinalysis
test urine
277
Nephritis
inflammation of kidneys
278
Pyelitis
inflammation of pelvis
279
Gout
uric acid build up
280
Hydronephrosis
water in the kidneys
281
hypernephroma
tumor in the kidney
282
Diabetes inspidous
lack of antidiuretic hormone
283
cystitis
inflammation of urinary bladder
284
urethritis
inflammation of urea
285
urinarycarcinoma
tumor forms in urinary bladder
286
polycystic ovary
many cysts form on the surface of the ovary
287
sterility
cannot make babies
288
infertility
does create gametes, but cannot successfully reproduce
289
Adenocarcinoma
ovarian cancer
290
salpingitis
bacterial infection in the fallopian tube
291
leimyoma
smooth muscle tumor
292
cystocele
prolapse bladder
293
rectocyele
prolapse rectum
294
puerperal mastitis
post pregnancy/inflammation of breast;due to bacterial infection during breast feeding.
295
Cystic hyperplasia
formation of benign cysts with in breast
296
mamogram
x-ray picture of the tissue
297
Amenorrhea
No menstrual period
298
dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation
299
menorrhagia
excessive bleeding during mensturation
300
metrorrhagia
excessive bleeding between mensturation cycle
301
Leukorrhea
white vaginal discharge
302
Endometriosis
sits on wall of organ, abdominal pain
303
Ectopic pregnancy
wrong emplacement of pregnancy in most commonly fallopian tube >abortion
304
abruptio placentae
placenta separates too early
305
Spontaneous abortion
genetic abnormality
306
Morning sickness
emesis due to hormone changes
307
Toxemia pregnancy
hypertension in the 3rd trimester/ can lead to pre-eclampsia.
308
prostitis
inflammation of prostate>STDS
309
benign prostatic hyperplasia
benign growth
310
orchitis
inflammation of testes >STDS
311
cryptorchidism
undescended testes
312
Priapism
sustained erection
313
Gynecomastia
enlarged male breast
314
impotence
inability to achieve an erection
