Hypercholesterolemia & dyslipidaemia

Question 1

what is hyperlipidaemia?

Answer 1

a general term referring to chronic elevations in fasting blood concentrations of trigylcerides, cholesterol, or specific subfractions of each

Question 2

what is dyslipademia?

Answer 2

a combination of genetic, environmental, and pathological factors that can work together to abnormally alter blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations

Question 3

what is hypercholesterolemia?

Answer 3

elevated blood cholesterol concetration > 240mg/dL

an important modifiable risk factor for CAD

Question 4

how does cholesterol and LDL reduction affect CHD mortality?

Answer 4

for every 1mmol/L decrease in total cholesterol, CHD mortality and CHD events are reduced by 24.5% and 29.5%

for every 1 mmol/L decrease in LDL, CHD mortality decreases by 28% and 26.6% for coronary-related events

Question 5

what are the functions and key lipoproteins for the LDL receptor pathway and reverse cholesterol transport

Answer 5

LDL receptor pathway (carries cholesterol to cells):
1. Liver makes VLDL → carries triglycerides and cholesterol into the blood.
2. VLDL delivers triglycerides to tissues → becomes LDL.
3. LDL now mainly carries cholesterol.
4. Cells that need cholesterol have LDL receptors.
5. LDL binds to these receptors and gets pulled into the cell.
6. The cholesterol is used to build cell membranes or make hormones.
- if there’s too much LDL or damaged receptors, cholesterol builds up in the arteries which leads to atherosclerosis (narrowed arteries)

Reverse cholesterol transport (removes excess cholesterol):
1. HDL circulates in the blood, collecting cholesterol from cells and artery walls.
2. HDL takes this cholesterol back to the liver.
3. The liver processes and removes it (either reuses it or dumps it into bile to exit through poop).
- This helps prevent cholesterol buildup in blood vessels and protects against heart disease.

Question 6

What is metabolic dyslipidemia?

Answer 6

an imbalance of lipids in the blood.

usually involves three main changes in blood fats:
1. high triglycerides
2. low HDL
3. small, dense LDL particles

this condition affects the vascular endothelium and leads to:
- reduced NO production
- induced adhesion characteristics
- facilitated oxidative damage
- inflammation
- diminished vascular compliance

Question 7

What are the considerations of exercise testing and prescription for these individuals?

Answer 7

cardiovascular fitness testing: identify risks

strength and ROM testing: evaluate patients medical history to ensure orthopedic safety and stability