Hypo/Hyperglycemia

Question 1

Normal range for blood sugar

Answer 1

80-120 mg/dl

Question 2

what is the organ responsible for moderating blood glucose levels?

Answer 2

The liver

Question 3

delta cells secrete

Answer 3

somatostatin

Question 4

a cells secrete

Answer 4

glucagon

Question 5

B cells secrete

Answer 5

insulin

Question 6

Glucagon acts through what type of receptor?

Answer 6

GProtein

Question 7

Insulin acts through what type of receptor?

Answer 7

Tyrosine kinase

Question 8

3 major effects of insulin

Answer 8

1. Decrease blood glucose levels.
2. Promotes storage of fat
3. Enhances protein anabolism

Question 9

Type 1 diabetes is a result of

Answer 9

no B cells

Question 10

Type 2 diabetes is a result of

Answer 10

insulin resistance

Question 11

3 targets of insulin

Answer 11

Liver, Adipose, Skeletal muscle

Question 12

What are the acute complications of diabetes?

Answer 12

Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, hypoglycemia

Question 13

Gluconeogenesis converts what to what?

Answer 13

Pyruvate to glucose

Question 14

pyruvate and amino acids from muscles when they are used to make energy result in

Answer 14

keto acid and alanine

Question 15

Important intermediate in the TCA cycle (fat metabolism)

Answer 15

oxalacetate

Question 16

What are 3 examples of ketone bodies

Answer 16

Acetone, acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate

Question 17

Acetyl CoA from B oxidation is converted to what when oxaloacetate is depleted in the TCA cycle?

Answer 17

Ketone bodies

Question 18

Hyperosmalar hyperglycemic state most often occurs in which individuals?

Answer 18

Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

Question 19

Hypoglycemia results usually in diabetic individuals due to?

Answer 19

Problems in medications-over medication/poor eating

Question 20

Most chronic complications of diabetes are what type of disease?

Answer 20

vascular diseases

Question 21

Hyperglycemia damages vessels due to what?

Answer 21

Reactive oxygen species-enhanced by chronic hyperglycemia

Question 22

What does A1C test test for?

Answer 22

measures glycation of hemoglobin-allows us to measure average glucose level over a period of time. 6 or below is good.

Question 23

Fasting glucose blood test measures

Answer 23

blood glucose level immediately-preferred test for type 1 or 2 diabetes or pre-diabetes

Question 24

glucose tolerance test

Answer 24

measures how well your body tolerates increased glucose levels

Question 25

How to treat Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 25

Insulin

Question 26

secretagogues are used to treat what type of diabetes and what do they do?

Answer 26

Type II, help beta cells secrete insulin

Question 27

What are 2 sensors for blood glucose levels?

Answer 27

Liver and B cells

Question 28

ATP/ADP ratio high results in

Answer 28

Insulin secretion

Question 29

ATP/ADP ratio low results in

Answer 29

insulin not secreted

Question 30

Sulfonylureas are drugs that do what

Answer 30

beat down glucose levels generally-duration of 12-24 hours

Question 31

Meglitinides are drugs used for what?

Answer 31

Lower glucose levels-taken right before a meal

Question 32

Both sulfonylureas and meglitinides work by...

Answer 32

inhibiting K+ efflux from ATP/ADP regulated K+ channels

Question 33

Incretins are

Answer 33

GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide 1) act on GLP-1 receptor on B cells to stimulate insulin release

Question 34

why is metformin so good?

Answer 34

Insulin sparing, increases glucose uptake and reduces hepatic glucose production-helps lose weight, less risky

Question 35

Metformin opposes what?

Answer 35

glucagon (anti-glucagon)

Question 36

Drugs used to decrease insulin resistance

Answer 36

thiazolidinediones

Question 37

agonists of the PPAR-y receptor

Answer 37

thiazolidinediones

Question 38

Drugs that inhibit the digestion of glucose

Answer 38

a-glucosidase inhibitor