i) Departure and Approach Instrument Procedures

Question 1

Approach plates are based on gradients of … and … of obstacle clearance on missed approach

Answer 1

Approach plates are based on climb gradients of 2.5% and 100 feet in the missed approach

Question 2

SID’s are based on climb gradients of …..

Answer 2

SID’s are based on climb gradients of 3.3%

Question 3

ILS’s are based on descent gradients of …., which is correspond to …. degrees

Answer 3

ILS’s are based on descent gradients of 5.2%, which is 3º

Question 4

When may you commence an approach without entering hold pattern ?

Answer 4

You may commence approach without entering the holding pattern only if en
route track to the procedure’s commencement fix or facility is within 30º either
side of the first track of the procedure.
Ref: AIP (ENR) 2.4.1 (3)

Question 5

What is the order of precision for track keeping using navigation aids ?

Answer 5

Localizer
GNSS
VOR
NDB

Question 6

Recall the following abbreviations:

IAF / FAF / FAP

Answer 6

(IAF) is the Initial Approach Fix
(FAF) is the Final Approach Fix (Non-Precision) – Maltese Cross
(FAP) is the Final Approach Point (Precision)

Question 7

AIP (ENR) 1.5 (1.21)

Descent gradients – Instrument approach procedures are designed with the following descent gradients:

Answer 7

Question 8

What does “Established” means ?

Answer 8

Established” means being within:
½ scale deflection of the ILS, VOR or GNSS,
within 5º of the required bearing for the NDB,
within +/- 2NM of the DME arc

Question 9

What is the required bank angle ?

Answer 9

Bank angle should always be rate 1 or 25º whichever is less
The faster the aircraft speed the greater the bank angle, so rate 1 is for slow aircraft only

Question 10

Notes on the ILS:

Answer 10

• Add 50 feet to the ILS minima if your aircraft does not have a Pressure Error Correction (PEC) charts in the flight manual.
• Known QNH reduces the minima by 100ft (approaved sources of QNH - ATC, ATIS, AAIS, WATIR, AWS, AWIS, CA/GRS) for ILS, LOC, GNSS Arrival and DGA arrival procedures.
• When doing an ILS approach and you find that the wind favors another runway which does not have an ILS approach, you can only descend to the circling minima, then maneuver as required within the circling area, and conduct a circling approach.
• Australia currently only has CAT 1.

Question 11

Landing Minima:

Answer 11

• The Landing minima are on the appropriate approach charts.
• The Landing minima for aerodromes without approach plates charts are:
  IFR by DAY = VFR requirements.
  IFR by NIGHT = VMC from LSALT within 3nm of the aerodrome.

Question 12

What is the difference between an ILS (Y) and an ILS (Z) ?

Answer 12

• (Y) Charts must be used if your aircraft or the airport does not have a DME or the DME becomes unserviceable.
• Y charts allow you to use the GNSS Distance in lieu of the DME.

Question 13

What does the FAF look like, and why is it important to us as IFR pilots?

Answer 13

• Maltase Cross
• Approach mode must be active
• Critical phase of the approach

Question 14

What happens at the ILS FAF if your height is different to that indicated on
the approach chart? The ‘Unexplained Discrepancy”?

Answer 14

• We should check we have the correct QNH set on the altimeter
• Consider resorting to the higher minima of the LLZ approach by reverting to a LOC approach instead of the ILS.
• LOC approach at the minima we must level off and maintain it until we reach the Missed Approach Point (MAPt).

Question 15

When circling inside class D airspace what is the cloud height and visibility requirements?

Answer 15

• Visibility - 5000m
• Distance from Clouds
  600m horizontally
  500 feet below the base
  1000 feet above the cloud.

Question 16

If we elected to continue as a Special VRF flight what happens to the acceptable minimum visibility and cloud?

Answer 16

1600m visibility and clear of clouds

Question 17

You arrive in class D airspace and are circling by day in VMC 1000 feet
above terrain. Ahead, is a small section of cloud which you estimate with
make you lose visibility with the approach end of the runway at
approximately 750 feet AGL, what would you do?

Answer 17

Continue, and descend below the cloud. As it’s by day, you can descend so
long as you don’t descend below (CAT B) 300 feet above the highest obstacle.

Question 18

What is the arrival circuit
height for our particular
piston twin engine aircraft
which has a circuit speed of
120kts?

Answer 18

1000ft

Question 19

Under what
circumstances would you
have to conduct a missed
approach?

So, not Visual , ROFL

Answer 19

Question 20

15.10 Landing minima - Precision Approach

Answer 20

For a PA — the minimum altitude or height must be at least the highest of the following:
(a) the DA or DH specified on the instrument approach chart for the IAP being conducted;
(b) the relevant minima specified in the AFM;
(c) the relevant minima specified in the operator’s exposition or operations manual.
Note

For a PA — the minimum visibility must be at least the greatest of the following:
* (a) the RVR or visibility specified on the instrument approach chart for the IAP
being conducted;
* (b) relevant minima specified in the AFM;
* (c) relevant minima specified in the operator’s exposition or operations manual;
* (d) 800 m — but only if:
(i) the TDZ RVR report is not available; or
(ii) the approach lighting system normally available at and beyond 720 m from the runway threshold is inoperative;
* (e) 1 200 m — but only if:
(i) the approach cannot be flown to at least the landing minima using a flight director, a HUD or an autopilot; or
(ii) the aircraft is not equipped with an operative failure warning system for the primary attitude and heading reference systems; or
(iii) high intensity runway edge lighting is not in operation; or
(iv) the approach lighting system normally available at and beyond 420 m from the runway threshold is inoperative;
* (f) if the approach lighting system normally available at and beyond 210 m from the runway threshold is inoperative, or the whole approach lighting system is inoperative, the greater of:
(i) the visibility specified on the instrument approach chart, plus a value equivalent to the published length of the approach lighting system rounded up to the next 100 m; and
Note Rounding is upwards to the next 100 m.
* (ii) 1 500 m;
* (g) the greater of either 1.5 times the RVR or 1.5 times the visibility specified on the
instrument approach chart for the IAP being conducted — but only if:
(i) a lighting failure has occurred on a runway at a controlled aerodrome; and
(ii) doubled spacing of runway edge lights results

Question 21

15.10 Landing minima - Straight-in approach (APV or a NPA) Aligned

Answer 21

For a straight-in approach that is an APV or an NPA with the final approach track aligned within the visible approach lighting splay — the minimum altitude or height must be at least the highest of the following:
(a) the DA or DH, or the MDA or MDH, specified on the instrument approach chart for IAP being conducted;
(b) the relevant minima specified in the AFM;
(c) the relevant minima specified in the operator’s exposition or operations manual.

For a straight-in approach that is an APV or an NPA with the final approach track aligned within the visible approach lighting splay — the minimum visibility must be at least the greatest of the following:
* (a) the visibility specified on the instrument approach chart for IAP being conducted;
* (b) relevant minima specified in the AFM;
* (c) relevant minima specified in the operator’s exposition or operations manual;
* (d) 1 200 m — but only if the approach lighting system normally available at and
beyond 420 m from the runway threshold is inoperative;
* (e) if the approach lighting system normally available at and beyond 210 m from the
runway threshold is inoperative, or the whole approach lighting system is
inoperative, the greater of:
* (i) the visibility specified on the instrument approach chart, plus a value
equivalent to the published length of the approach lighting system rounded up
to the next 100 m; and
Note Rounding is upwards to the next 100 m.
* (ii) 1 500 m

Question 22

15.10 Landing minima - Straight-in approach (APV or a NPA) NOT Aligned

Answer 22

For a straight-in approach that is an APV or a NPA with the final approach track not aligned within the visible approach lighting splay, or with no approach lighting system installed — the minimum altitude or height must be at least the highest of the following:
(a) the DA or DH, or the MDA or MDH, specified on the instrument approach chart for the IAP being conducted;
(b) the relevant minima specified in the AFM;
(c) the relevant minima specified in the operator’s exposition or operations manual.

For a straight-in approach that is an APV or a NPA with the final approach track not aligned within the visible approach lighting splay, or with no approach lighting system installed — the minimum visibility must be at least the greatest of the following:
(a) the visibility specified on the instrument approach chart for the IAP being
conducted;
(b) the relevant minima specified in the AFM;
(c) the relevant minima specified in the operator’s exposition or operations manual.

Question 23

15.10 Landing minima - Circling Approach

Answer 23

Despite subsections (1), (3) and (5), if an aircraft is conducting a circling manoeuvre from any approach — the minimum altitude or height must be at least the highest of the following:
(a) the circling minimum altitude specified on the instrument approach chart for the IAP being conducted;
(b) the relevant minima specified in the AFM;
(c) the relevant minima specified in the operator’s exposition or operations manual.

Despite subsections (2), (4) and (6), if an aircraft is conducting a circling manoeuvre from any approach — the minimum visibility must be at least the greatest of the following:
(a) the circling minimum visibility specified on the instrument approach chart for the IAP being conducted;
(b) the relevant minima specified in the AFM;
(c) the relevant minima specified in the operator’s exposition or operations manual.

Question 24

15.10 Landing minima - Aerodrome Without IAP

Answer 24

For an aerodrome without an authorised IAP, the minimum altitude must be at least the altitude at which the flight can comply with the requirements relating to visual approach procedures published in the authorised aeronautical information for the purposes of subparagraph 91.305 (3) (b) (i).

(3) The circumstances are the following:
(b) the aircraft is being flown in accordance with:
(i) requirements relating to visual approach or departure procedures
published in the authorised aeronautical information for the flight; or

For an aerodrome without an authorised IAP, the minimum visibility must be at least the flight visibility specified in Table 2.07 (3) for the type of aircraft, the class of airspace, and the height

Question 25

APV means any of the following approach procedures with vertical guidance:

Answer 25

(a) RNP APCH – LNAV/VNAV; (b) RNP APCH – LPV (decision height at or above 250 ft); (c) RNP AR APCH – RNP 0.x ## Footnote For a RNP AR APCH procedure the minima is represented as RNP 0.x where 0.x refers to the RNP value specific to the final approach segment.

Question 26

NPA means any of the following non-precision approach procedures:

Answer 26

(a) NDB, VOR or LOC; (b) RNP APCH – LNAV; (c) RNP APCH – LP.