IAI - intro to immunology

Question 1

in what 2 ways is the immune system maintained?

Answer 1

Innate immunity - epithelial barriers, complement proteins, phagocytes and NK cells

Adaptive immunity - B lymphocytes, antibodies, T lymphocytes and effector T cells.

Question 2

compare the following for innate and adaptive immunity:
development
kinetics
duration
specificity
memory
key soluble molecules
key cells

Answer 2

Question 3

What do all cells of the immune system derive from?

Answer 3

pluripotent stem cell

Question 4

what are the 2 lineages that come off from the pluripotent stem cell?

Answer 4

• myeloid lineage where most of the cells of the innate system are derived.
• lymphocyte lineage

Question 5

what cell do b cells come from?

Answer 5

lymphocyte

Question 6

what cell do t cells come from?

Answer 6

lymphocyte

Question 7

what cell does NK cells come from?

Answer 7

lymphocyte

Question 8

what cell does a plasma cell come from?

Answer 8

lymphocyte > b cell > plasma cell

Question 9

what cell does a macrophage come from?

Answer 9

monocyte > monoblast > monocyte > macrophage

Question 10

what cell does a dendritic cell come from?

Answer 10

monocyte

Question 11

what are the key cells involved in the adaptive immune system?

Answer 11

CD4 T-cell (provide help)
CD8 T-cell (kills infected cells)
B cell (makes APCs)

Question 12

what are the key cells involved in the innate immune system?

Answer 12

Dendritic cells (antigen presentation)
Macrophages (kills pathogens, antigen presentation)
Neutrophil (kills pathogens)

Question 13

what do CD markers do?

Answer 13

• CD (cluster of differentiation) markers delineate leukocyte (white blood cell) populations.

Question 14

all white blood cells (leukocytes) are characterized by the expression of what CD marker?

Answer 14

CD45`

Question 15

all T cells are characterized by the expression of what CD marker?

Answer 15

CD3

Question 16

all B cells are characterized by the expression of what CD marker?

Answer 16

CD19

Question 17

Whats the function of primary lymphoid organs and where are they located in the body?

Answer 17

function = responsible for production

location = thymus, bone marrow

Question 18

Whats the function of secondary lymphoid organs and where are they located in the body?

Answer 18

function = responsible for function

location= lymph nodes, spleen

Question 19

what is circulation controlled by?

Answer 19

Circulation controlled by receptors on cells and vessel walls (chemokines and integrins)

Question 20

what molecules make up the innate immune system?

Answer 20

defensins
complement
chemokines
cytokines

Question 21

what molecules make up the adaptive immune system?

Answer 21

chemokines
cytokines
antibodies
T cell receptors

Question 22

what is a defensin?

Answer 22

• Anti-microbial peptides
• Disrupt microbial cell membrane
• Secreted by Epithelial & immune cells

Question 23

what do complement proteins do?

Answer 23

Molecules found in the blood which bind to non self microbes

have 3 pathways:
- mannan-binding lectin
- classical
- alternative

Question 24

Describe chemokines

Answer 24

• Signalling molecules important for surveillance and specificity.
• Small (8-10kD) molecules
• Attract cells along a gradient
• Recruit cells to sites of inflammation.
• Responsible for separation of lymphocytes in tissues into zones

Question 25

describe cytokines

Answer 25

• Largely produced by immune cells and are important for specificity.
• Small (15-20kD) molecules
• Made by cells to act on cells (activate, suppress, modify)
• Especially immune-immune interactions
• E.g.: interferons; interleukins

Question 26

What are the main features of a secondary immune response?

Answer 26

• The response is stronger and far more rapid.
• It is also a broader response, also the response is so rapid that you rarely present any symptoms during this immune response.