NBSS: (behaviour) Psychology of Child Development

Question 1

how do you describe child development

Answer 1

Child development is sequential, irreversible, and goal directed.

Question 2

what are the development stages?

Answer 2

infancy (0-2)

early childhood (2-6)

middle childhood (6-12)

adolescence (12-18)

Question 3

what are the features of infancy

Answer 3

• attachment, maturation of sensory, perceptual & motor functions & understand objects through senses

Question 4

what are the features of early childhood

Answer 4

• locomotion, fantasy play, language development, sex role identification & group play

Question 5

what are the features of middle childhood

Answer 5

friendship, skill learning, self-evaluation, team play, understand cause & effect & conservation

Question 6

what are the features of adolescence

Answer 6

physical maturation, emotional development, peer group & sexual relationships, understand abstract thinking.

Question 7

what are the six gross motor milestones?

Answer 7

1. sitting without support
2. standing with assistance
3. hands and knees crawling
4. walking with assistance
5. standing alone
6. walking alone

Question 8

how can we measure perceptual development?

Answer 8

babies are able to fixtate their gaze focusing on contrast areas, with a preference for faces ~4-5mo and then move onto scanning environment

Question 9

when do they develop appropriate selective attention?

Answer 9

6yrs - they learn which environmental cues warrant perceptual attention

Question 10

what are the five stages of language development?

Answer 10

1. preverbal communication (smiling at 6weeks and pointing, helps to distinguish autistic children)
2. phonological developemnt (babbles)
3. semantic development (knowing certain words meaning certain things)
4. syntax and grammar development (sentence formation)
5. pragmatics development (turn taking, non-verbal communication skills)

Question 11

when does babbling occur usually?

Answer 11

early months

Question 12

when can we hear narrower range of sounds?

Answer 12

towards end of 1st year

Question 13

when are first words spoken?

Answer 13

~1 year (9-13 months)

Question 14

when do children learn three new words a month?

Answer 14

12-18mo

Question 15

how many words to infants know at 18mo?

Answer 15

~22 words

Question 16

what is the naming explosion?

Answer 16

10-20 word per week between 18mo - 6yrs

Question 17

what is language development like at 6yrs?

Answer 17

vocab of 10,000 words with 5 new words a day

Question 18

what is jean piagets theory

Answer 18

Jean Piaget (1896-1980) - children go through same kinds of sequential discoveries about world at similar ages and make same mistakes

He theorised 4 main stages of cognitive development skills:

Sensorimotor (0 – 2 years)
Preoperational (2-6/7 years)

Concrete operations (6/7 – 11/12 years)

Formal operations (11/12 years +)

Question 19

what are the four stages of cognitive skill developments?

Answer 19

1. sensorimotor (0-2yrs)
2. preoperational (2-6/7yrs)
3. concrete operations (6/7-11/12yrs)
4. formal operations (11/12yrs+)

Question 20

what is equilibration?

Answer 20

process of balancing assimilation & accommodation to create schemes that fit environment

Assimilation - process of using schema to make sense of event or experience

Accommodation - changing schema as result of new information

Question 21

what happens in the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 21

sensorimotor (0-2yrs)

• initial reflexes via sensory motor schema
• child interacts with environment and manipulates objects
• understand object permanence - do they know if something is still there if they cant see it? like peekaboo

basically little scientists learning via senses and putting bs in mouth

Question 22

what happens in the preoperational stage?

Answer 22

• internal representation of concrete objects and situations
• child uses symbolic schemes like language
• egocentric
• reasoning dominated by perception (one-dimensional thinking and lack of conservation)

basically 0 awareness and only understand obvious things - pour liquid in two cups of same vol and they’ll choose the one that looks more full

Question 23

what happens in concrete operations stage?

Answer 23

• reasoning involving more than 1 salient feature (conservation, multidimensional)
• logical reasoning applied to objects that are real or can be seen
• no longer ego-centric: they can see other persepctives
• understand principles of conservation
• struggle reasoning potential events and abstract ideas

Question 24

what happens in formal operations stage?

Answer 24

• can think logically about potential events or abstract ideas - judge things they cant see or have direct experience of
• can test hypotheses about hypothetical events - forecast and imagine

Question 25

when do children present separation anxiety/ fear of stranger

Answer 25

8 months

Question 26

when does social refrencing happen?

Answer 26

10 months

Question 27

why is 6months - 2 years important in a childs development

Answer 27

attachment happens in this period

CRITICAL PERIOD!!

strong attachment needed

Question 28

what are the 4 types of attachments introduced by Bowlby

Answer 28

Question 29

In what age range does a child typically develop the concept of object permanence?

A: Prenatal
B: 0-2 years
C: 2-6 years
D: 6-12 years
E: 11+ years

Answer 29

B: 0-2 years

Question 30

Humans learn languages best in their childhood. Some research indicates that if a child doesn’t learn to speak a formal language before the age of 6, they may never learn to speak well. This would best illustrate which of the following:

A: Critical period

B: Normative age graded changes

C: Individual differences

D: Cultural specificity

Answer 30

A: Critical period

Question 31

Grace is a two year old toddler who plays well with toys and explores her playroom when her mother is near, even when a stranger is present. This is an example of _____ attachment.

A: Secure

B: Resistant

C: Avoidant

D : Disorganized-disoriented

Answer 31

A: Secure