identification

Question 1

Metaphysical Materialism

Answer 1

The belief that only physical matter exists; denies the existence of the soul or an afterlife.

Question 2

Natural Law

Answer 2

A moral framework that is unchanging and independent of opinion or authority; protects the vulnerable.

Question 3

Euthanasia

Answer 3

The unnatural ending of life, which natural law opposes unless for self-defense.

Question 4

Flux

Answer 4

The idea that everything is constantly changing and never static

Question 5

Eudaimonia

Answer 5

The highest goal in life, defined as true happiness achieved through virtue.

Question 6

Stoicism

Answer 6

The belief in a created order to the universe; flourishing occurs by living in harmony with it.

Question 7

Reason

Answer 7

The faculty that distinguishes humans from animals, enabling rational thought and decision-making.

Question 8

Universal Law

Answer 8

Eternal, unchanging principles that govern morality and existence.

Question 9

Order of Affection

Answer 9

The idea that we owe our deepest obligations to those closest to us.

Question 10

True Virtue

Answer 10

Willingness to make sacrifices for moral duty (e.g., risking life to honor commitments).

Question 11

Telos

Answer 11

The idea that everything has a purpose, and flourishing occurs when one fulfills their purpose.

Question 12

Common Good vs. Greater Good

Answer 12

The common good benefits all, whereas the greater good benefits the majority but not necessarily everyone.

Question 13

Nous (the Soul)

Answer 13

The non-material, eternal part of a person that can be damaged or nurtured through moral actions.

Question 14

Humans vs. Animals

Answer 14

Humans have free will and moral responsibility, distinguishing them from animals.

Question 15

Happiness

Answer 15

Achieved by living virtuously rather than through the pursuit of pleasure.

Question 16

Vice

Answer 16

The opposite of virtue; unchecked vice leads to corruption and viciousness.

Question 17

Essence vs. Existence

Answer 17

“Essence precedes existence,”
- you can form essence and perfect it
- you cannot form your own existence
- right and wrong will define your Telos and essence

Question 18

Flourishing

Answer 18

Living in accordance with virtue and one’s telos.

Question 19

Ontological

Answer 19

The study of being; the most profound aspect of identity.

Question 20

Honor

Answer 20

Living in a way that earns respect from loved ones and preserves personal integrity.

Question 21

Function and Structure

Answer 21

The idea that function determines structure (e.g., eyes exist for vision).

Question 22

The Good

Answer 22

The highest form of being; evil is the absence of good.

Question 23

Physical Materialism

Answer 23

The belief that only physical matter exists, rejecting the existence of the soul.

Question 24

Natural Law: Not All Choices Are Equal

Answer 24

Some moral choices (e.g., faithfulness) are inherently superior to others.

Question 25

Strong Dualism vs. Hylomorphism

Answer 25

Strong dualism sees body and soul as separate, while hylomorphism sees them as intertwined.

Question 26

Gnosticism

Answer 26

The belief that the body is irrelevant and only the non-material is important.

Question 27

Natural Law and Personhood

Answer 27

Our choices shape our virtue and impact our soul.

Question 28

Agape

Answer 28

A form of selfless love, acting out of love and care for others.

Question 29

Arête

Answer 29

Excellence and virtue achieved through duty.

Question 30

Love

Answer 30

Defined as willing the good of another, beyond emotions or feelings.

Question 31

Modern vs. Traditional Natural Law

Answer 31

Modern natural law avoids religious references, while traditional natural law often includes them.

Question 32

Noncognitivism

Answer 32

- our sense of right or wrong is exclusively the result of our emotion The idea that morality is based purely on emotions rather than objective truth.

Question 33

Consequentialism vs. Deontology

Answer 33

Consequentialism judges morality by outcomes; deontology follows absolute moral rules.

Question 34

Hyperindividualism

Answer 34

The rejection of communal responsibility in favor of extreme individualism.

Question 35

Collectivism

Answer 35

The belief that individuals are primarily part of a collective, often at the cost of personal autonomy.

Question 36

Means to an End

Answer 36

People should never be treated as mere tools for others’ purposes; every person has intrinsic worth.

Question 37

Positive Law

Answer 37

Laws that are put forward by authorities (e.g., speed limits) because they help with the preservation of life

Question 38

Teleology

Answer 38

The idea that everything in the universe has a purpose or goal (telos); a fundamental concept in classical philosophy.

Question 39

Stoicism

Answer 39

A school of thought that taught living in accordance with nature and reason, accepting fate, and mastering emotions.

Question 40

Logos (Stoicism)

Answer 40

The rational principle governing the universe, sometimes associated with God or divine reason.

Question 41

Natural Law (Stoics)

Answer 41

The belief that there is a universal moral order embedded in nature and discernible through reason.