test 2 general

Question 1

common good vs greater good

Answer 1

Common good: flourishing of all components
Greater good: greatest number of people flourishing

Question 2

who believes we are born blank (not good or even)

Answer 2

John Lock

Question 3

who believes we are born evil

Answer 3

John Newman

Question 4

what does John Rawls say about religion

Answer 4

• its a foundational (architectonic) part of identity
• If we cant bring it to the public square, it’s like losing an arm, we are not who we are; our life becomes very thin.

Rawls argues that religious convictions should be kept out of the public square to maintain fairness in a pluralistic society. Natural Law thinkers disagree, arguing this truncates personal identity and silences morally rich traditions, making political life thin and disconnected from deep ethical reasoning.

Question 5

what is a just law

Answer 5

• Applicable to everyone unless there’s a really good reason (like someone convicted of a crime)
• Lifts up human spirit – should have laws that point us towards a better direction

Question 6

what is “architectonic”

Answer 6

something foundational

Question 7

Modern version of natural law is very ___:

Answer 7

Modern version of natural law is very ecumenical: believes in the ability for religions to coexist side by side

Question 8

what is the purpose of war

Answer 8

pursuit of harmony. To restore harmony not to destroy it. Peace.

Question 9

what is concordia

Answer 9

harmony

Question 10

what does natural law believe in terms of military

Answer 10

recognizes that you must always need a military that is capable of fighting because you may not believe in the way but your neighbour might

Question 11

tranquility of war

Answer 11

we want to get along with our neighbours
- peace with your neighbours
- peace is damaged when the common good of both sides or one party is damaged

Question 12

what does natural law say about the use of lethal force

Answer 12

Natural law does permit the use of lethal force (that way result in death)
- permits use of lethal force as long as it’s to protect yourself and your people,
- if the combatant raised their hands and said they are no longer want to combat then you shouldn’t kill them

Question 13

what does John Finis believe is the ultimate purpose of war

Answer 13

peace

Question 14

intent vs motive

Answer 14

intent: you are killing enemy combatants
motive: you don’t want the enemy combatants to kill your people

Question 15

what does natural law say about war

Answer 15

Natural law believes that there will always be wars but we need wise leaders to minimize them

Question 16

what is the word for love of neighbour

Answer 16

carapace

Question 17

what is a just war

Answer 17

• One which is for self-defense
• natural law believes in defense — you can engage in strikes if you think you’ll be invaded

Question 18

what are grounds for a just war

Answer 18

• the golden rule — do unto others as you would have them do unto you
• if you’re gna go to war, you should treat the other side as you would like them to treat you (idea of cruelty)
• natural law rejects cruelty in war (some weapons are too cruel)
• a society must protect itself from external enemies
• wars cannot be vindictive (want to hurt someone just because they want to hurt someone)

Trying to avoid the deaths of noncombatants
- you don’t hate the person in front of you but you’re trying to defend the people in back of you

Question 19

what is order of affection

Answer 19

• you should go to war to protect your own people
• thats not the same as saving people you have no connection to
• we shouldn’t try to fix problems of genocides that aren’t related to us (as per natural law)
• using the military to try to get involved in a civil war never works

Question 20

what is proportionality in war

Answer 20

• don’t shoot someone for an argument
• the idea that if a transgression takes place, if something bad is done is that a reason to go to war, maybe, but it must be proportional
• if its not proportional its still war but its not a just war
• natural law does not permit the killing of hostages –– the death of non-combatants must be proportionate

Question 21

what does code villa believe

Answer 21

if you go to war for the wrong reason eventually things will collapse and you will ultimately fail

( If you go to war for other reasons than peace; it will always fail.)

Question 22

what does code villa say you should go to war for

Answer 22

1. USA should not be involved in treaties such as Nato (you have to choose a side and you have to choose the american side because you’re american)
2. You must go to war in order to restore honor (different than finis)
3. If you’re going to go to war you have to go to win it (you have to have the americans on side)
4. Don’t go looking for trouble

Question 23

what does natural law say about biotechnology

Answer 23

you can use biotechnology to fix what is broken but not to go beyond your own limitation (not to improve, don’t do what nature does not intend, not to augment yourself unnaturally)

Question 24

what does natural law believe we are

Answer 24

Natural Law believes that who we are is both our physical body and our soul/nous.

Question 25

what is wisdom of repugnance

Answer 25

sense that something is wrong

Question 26

what does “profundity of sex” imply

Answer 26

- sex has been reduced to an act on the same level as eating a sandwich - in reality it's a profound act – creation of life – being in communion with another human being - is it possible for society to flourish if children are not procreate by love and desire - The importance of sex is fundamental to our existence, and can create life.

Question 27

what does natural law say about surrogacy

Answer 27

natural law is against surrogacy: this practice treats another human being as an “it” as opposed to a “thou”. — using another human being to create a child that is not theirs. renting a womb. surrogacy would change the relationship between daughter and “mother”.

Question 28

repugnance

Answer 28

the wish to be apart from - Repugnance ≠ disgust

Question 29

why is uniqueness valuable

Answer 29

Uniqueness is valuable and meaningful and everyone is a thou. we have the right to be unique, i want to be the only version of myself.

Question 30

what is frankenstein biggest sin

Answer 30

Frankenstein's biggest sin is that he abandoned the creature to himself. creature has human desires, it wishes for friendship (Natural Law states that social bonds are crucial for our flourishing, we need friends) - When you create life you have the obligation to take care of that life

Question 31

what does natural law believe about embryos

Answer 31

they are humans

Question 32

what is the most important thing in order to be happy in life

Answer 32

gratefulness for what you have

Question 33

what do modern day bioethicists reject

Answer 33

Modern day bioethicists reject bringing theology into debates about euthanasia and stuff like that.

Question 34

what will happen if everyone become genetically engineered

Answer 34

If we genetic engineer it will create a “hard-caste system”: - “its not fair” - some people are born and can run faster than others — if you’re born manufactured to run faster than anyone else - to limit it to only people who can afford to be genetically engineered it becomes a hard-caste system

Question 35

what would genetically modified societies do to relationships and love

Answer 35

whether your child is this or that the love is absolute. - only loving the child if they are good looking or smart doesn’t lead to flourishing. - if you pay for the enhancement of a child you’re fundamentally changing the relationship between parent and child, your child becomes a commodity or an it. - common thing to just do the opposite of what your parents want you to do just because. even relationships between siblings, this would really crank it up. - would change relationships between family structures.

Question 36

what would a genetically engineered society to do free will

Answer 36

- you have reason and free will to determine right from wrong. - free will is removed because of genetic engineering. you can’t or can because you have or haven’t been genetically modified. - you no longer have that free will, its removed from you. - what makes us human: I can choose to work really hard at something or not. - If you're genetically engineered to do one thing but then because of something you can’t (like the guy in the wheelchair) what do you do? you’re being bred to do a certain thing.

Question 37

somatic vs germline therapy

Answer 37

Germline: affects all further generations Sematic: is not passed down

Question 38

what is the role of chance

Answer 38

- Never underestimate the role of chance in your life – story about nephew who asked the girl out that was out of his league - Where's the spark if everyone genetically engineered (like in gattaca) - Creates a type of eugenics, artificial eugenics. Instead of thinking there's an attraction as opposed to hard wired. - Eugenics is basically who has the best gene editor. Unfair

Question 39

what is an illness

Answer 39

If we say everything is a type of mental illness then we have a problem going forward

Question 40

what is the problem with consent

Answer 40

- Should you not have the ability to consent to being genetically modified? Where is your role to consent to that? - **Can you consent unborn to be manufactured to fit the aspirations of your parents, no you can't.** - This would change the relationship between parent and child. Diminishes the chances for flourishing

Question 41

Pro-life case for therapeutic gene edition

Answer 41

- People will have abortions because the child is genetically imperfect (down syndrome) - If you can do gene editing to fix a serious medical problem, the answer is yes. - Gene editing and natural law: fix that which is broken

Question 42

Unnatural changing our physical being (except in the case of fixing what is broken), threatens ___

Answer 42

to damage the non-physical component of us.

Question 43

Why is genetic enhancement morally wrong under Natural Law?

Answer 43

- Genetic enhancement aims to augment humans beyond their natural limits, which violates the Natural Law principle of respecting nature and human dignity. - It turns children into commodities, - undermines equality - removes the element of free will and chance, which are essential for authentic human flourishing. - questions of consent

Question 44

How does Mill’s understanding of liberty differ from that of Natural Law thinkers?

Answer 44

Mill defines liberty as the freedom to do whatever one wants as long as it doesn’t cause physical harm to others. Natural Law sees liberty as freedom ordered toward the good, meaning it must align with objective moral truths, not just personal preference or desire.

Question 45

What are the necessary conditions for a just war, according to Alexander of Hales?

Answer 45

Alexander of Hales outlines that a just war requires: Right authority—only legitimate leaders can declare war. Right intention—must aim for peace and justice, not revenge or domination. Just cause—such as self-defense. Mental clarity—leaders must not act out of rage or cruelty.