Definition: The overall perspective or larger context of a situation. ##Footnote Example: Urban farming is part of a bigger picture that aims to bring food production closer to urban dwellers.

Definition: Adapted or used for a new purpose or in a way different from the original. ##Footnote Example: Disused shipping containers are repurposed for growing strawberries in urban areas.

IELTS 18 Reading T1 Flashcards by Hoa Truong

Urban farming

/ˈɜːbən/

Definition: The practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city.

Example: Urban farming initiatives aim to address food security and sustainability challenges in densely populated areas.

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Aeroponics

/ˌeərəˈpɒnɪks/

A method of growing plants without soil, using nutrient-rich water mist to deliver nutrients directly to the plant roots.

The aeroponic system allows for efficient nutrient delivery and promotes faster plant growth.

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Attracting attention by reason of being unusual, extreme, or prominent.

Her s_____ beauty caught the attention of everyone in the room.

Striking

/ˈstraɪkɪŋ/

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In a way that is shining brilliantly; splendidly.

The strawberries are r__________ red, making them visually appealing.

Resplendently

/rɪˈsplendəntli/

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In large quantities; plentifully.

The strawberries are growing a________ in the large plastic tubes.

Abundantly

/əˈbʌndəntli/

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Requests for information or advice; questions.

We have received numerous e_______ regarding our holiday packages.

Enquiries

/ɪnˈkwaɪəri/

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Intensive farming

Definition: A type of agriculture that involves the use of large amounts of labor and capital relative to land area, often characterized by high input of chemicals and machinery.

Example: Intensive farming techniques often result in higher yields but may have environmental consequences.

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Having high moral qualities

Helping the poor is seen as a v____ act in many cultures.

Virtuous

/ˈvɜːtʃuəs/

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No longer in use; abandoned or obsolete.

D_______ shipping containers are repurposed for growing strawberries.

Disused

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The ability to maintain or support an ecological balance over the long term.

Many companies are adopting s_____ practices to reduce their carbon footprint.

Sustainability

/səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/

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to warn sb about the possible dangers or problems of st

She c_____ her friend not to trust the advertisement without verifying the facts.

He approached the wild animal with great c____.

Caution

/ˈkɔːʃn/

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Growing or developing in a healthy or vigorous way.

The community garden is f_____ thanks to the hard work of dedicated volunteers.

Flourishing

/ˈflʌrɪʃ/

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Without a doubt; certainly.

She is u____ the most talented singer in the group.

This discovery will u_____ change the course of history.

Undoubtedly

/ʌnˈdaʊtɪdli/

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Kept cool or preserved by refrigeration.

This medicine must stay r_____.

Refrigerated

/rɪˈfrɪdʒəreɪt/

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Businesses or individuals that buy and sell goods in large quantities to retailers or other businesses.

In traditional supply chains, a significant portion of the price goes to w____ before reaching the consumers.

Wholesalers

/ˈhəʊlseɪlə(r)/

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The optimal use of resources to achieve maximum output with minimal waste.

Soil-free farming methods are known for their “resource e______ “, using less water and electricity.

Resource Efficiency

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right or appropriate for sb/st

This dress is perfectly s_____ for the occasion.

This method is better s_____ for beginners.

Suited

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Bigger Picture

Definition: The overall perspective or larger context of a situation.

Example: Urban farming is part of a bigger picture that aims to bring food production closer to urban dwellers.

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A group of animals or plants with common characteristics that distinguish them from other groups.

This b_____ of chicken is known for laying large eggs.

Breed

/briːd/

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Extremely large in size, extent, degree, or amount.

The urban rooftop space is v_____ , covering 14,000 square meters.

Vast

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To aim at or direct efforts toward a particular goal or objective.

The company plans to t_____ younger customers with their new product.

Target

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A setting, occasion, or medium for exhibiting something or someone.

The event served as a s_____ for upcoming local bands.

The art gallery will s____ local artists’ work this weekend.

Showcase

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Results or effects that follow as a natural outcome of certain actions or conditions.

Intensive farming practices have environmental c_____ , such as the generation of greenhouse gases.

Consequences

/ˈkɒnsɪkwənsɪz/

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Repurposed

Definition: Adapted or used for a new purpose or in a way different from the original.

Example: Disused shipping containers are repurposed for growing strawberries in urban areas.

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Densely Populated

Definition: Having a high number of people in a given area relative to the available space. ##Footnote Example: Urban farming is particularly relevant in densely populated cities where traditional agriculture may face challenges.

Pioneering, innovative, or representing a significant advance. ##Footnote The rooftop farm is a g____ example of sustainable and efficient urban agriculture.

Groundbreaking

Standing out and attracting attention ~ noticeable ##Footnote The rooftop farm is a p____ feature on the exhibition hall, visible from a distance.

Prominent /ˈprɒmɪnənt/

To use (land) for crops or gardening; to foster the growth of st ##Footnote Farmers c____ the land to grow crops each season. The farmer works hard to c____ the crops. We need to c____ a sense of teamwork among the students.

Cultivate /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/

Closed loops or paths through which electrical currents or fluids can flow. ##Footnote The soil-free farming system relies on a closed c_____ of pipes, towers, and trays for water circulation.

Circuit(s) /ˈsɜːkɪt/

The amount of a crop produced in a given area; to produce or provide ##Footnote Soil-free farming methods often achieve a high y____ of crops with less resource usage.

Yield /jiːld/

The ability to withstand or oppose st; the act of resisting. ##Footnote Traditional crop varieties are selected for their r_____ to transportation, affecting their flavor.

Resistance /rɪˈzɪstəns/

Limitation or restriction ##Footnote Time c____ made it challenging to finish the work on schedule.

Constraint(s) /kənˈstreɪnt/

~ possible, practical. ##Footnote The company is looking for a v_____ solution to reduce production costs.

Viable /ˈvaɪəbl/

To give new life, energy, or strength to st ~ to renew ##Footnote Urban renewal projects aim to r____ inner-city neighborhoods and improve living conditions.

Revitalize /ˌriːˈvaɪtəlaɪz/

Most favorable or advantageous; best suited for a particular purpose. ##Footnote Urban farmers strive to achieve o______ growing conditions for their crops.

Optimal /ˈɒptɪməl/

Revolutionize /ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz/

Definition: To completely change or transform something; to bring about a radical shift. ##Footnote Example: Soil-free farming has the potential to revolutionize urban agriculture by maximizing space and reducing environmental impact.

A cloud of tiny water droplets in the air, typically produced by water spray or condensation. ##Footnote Aeroponic systems use a m_____ of nutrient-rich water to nourish plant roots.

Mist

Having an empty space or gap inside. ##Footnote The old log was h___ , creating a perfect tunnel for small animals.

Hollow /ˈhɒləʊ/

almost not ##Footnote Produce grown using soil-free methods b_____ travels at all, as it is produced and sold locally.

Barely

ability ##Footnote She has an incredible c____ for learning new languages. His c_____ to remain calm under pressure is impressive.

Capacity /kəˈpæsəti/

Having a pleasant and distinctive smell ~ fragrant ##Footnote A____ herbs like basil, sage, and peppermint are cultivated in the soil-free system.

Aromatic /ˌærəˈmætɪk/

To grow, emerge, or develop from a seed or bud. ##Footnote Strawberries s____ abundantly from the large plastic tubes.

Sprout /spraʊt/

Having meaning or importance; noteworthy. ##Footnote Urban farming plays a s_____ role in addressing challenges to food supplies.

Significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/

Involving a trial or test to discover st new or gain experience. ##Footnote The school's e____ teaching methods include letting the children decide what to study.

Experimental /ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl/

Involving careful or deliberate choices based on specific criteria. ##Footnote She is very s____ about the books she reads. S______ breeding is common in farming to produce better crops.

Selective /sɪˈlektɪv/

~ challenge, risk ##Footnote Urban farming is explored as a solution to mitigate t____ to food supplies in cities.

Threat(s) /θret/ > threat(s) to st

The amount of natural light that reaches a specific area. ##Footnote Excessive "sunlight e____" increases the risk of skin cancer.

Sunlight Exposure /ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)/

having a strong, rich, or concentrated taste ##Footnote The strawberries are small, resplendently red, and "i_____ flavored".

intensely flavored /ɪnˈtensli/

Identical /aɪˈdentɪkl/

Definition: Exactly alike or the same in every detail; having a close resemblance. ##Footnote Example: the identical vertical tubes house rows of lettuces

Being created ##Footnote After months of research and development, the new vaccine is now "in p______ ".

in production

method, strategy ##Footnote The therapist used an empathetic a_____ to make clients feel comfortable and understood.

approach /əˈprəʊtʃ/

the ability to endure pressure, challenges, or adverse conditions ##Footnote Her determination allowed her to w____ the pressures of the job. The building was constructed to w_____ earthquakes.

withstand /wɪðˈstænd/, /wɪθˈstænd/

rely on

Definition: depending on ##Footnote Example: Produce grown using this soil-free method, on the other hand — which relies solely on a small quantity of water

only, just ##Footnote This room is s____ for guests. She s____ focused on her studies to achieve top grades.

solely /ˈsəʊlli/

to set up or place the equipment ##Footnote The city plans to i_____ more streetlights in the neighborhood for better safety.

install /ɪnˈstɔːl/

roughly /ˈrʌfli/

Definition: about ##Footnote Example: The equipment weighs little, can be installed on almost any flat surface and is cheap to buy: roughly €100 to €150 per square metre.

a part ##Footnote It is cheap to run because it consumes just a tiny f____ of the electricity

fraction /ˈfrækʃn/

the science or practice of farming ##Footnote Organic a____ avoids synthetic pesticides and focuses on natural farming methods.

agriculture /ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃə(r)/

things that have been made or grown, especially things connected with farming ##Footnote She prefers to buy locally grown p____ to support small farms.

produce /ˈprɒdjuːs/

completely used ##Footnote You cannot grow crops on e_____ land.

exhausted /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪd/

"a small piece ##Footnote Several people were injured by flying ______ in the explosion."

"**shard**: mảnh vụn /ʃɑːd/ **debris** /ˈdebriː/, /ˈdeɪbriː/, /dəˈbriː/ **shrapnel** /ˈʃræpnəl/ **fragment** /ˈfræɡmənt/"

"~ hit, bump, smash, crash, accident ##Footnote The two cars were severely damaged in the head-on c_____."

"collision /kəˈlɪʒn/ > vụ va chạm"

"~ army ##Footnote She served in the m____ for ten years."

"military /ˈmɪlətri/, /ˈmɪləteri/ > quân đội"

"cơ quan dân sự ##Footnote c____ department"

"civil department /ˈsɪvl/"

"doing something for pleasure or interest, not as a job >< professional ##Footnote The a______ chef cooked a delicious meal. (a) He’s just an a_____ , but he’s improving fast. (n)"

"amateur (a, n) /ˈæmətə(r)/, /ˈæmətʃə(r)/ > (ng) nghiệp dư"

"suddenly and by a large amount ~ significantly, dramatically ##Footnote Prices rose s______ last month."

sharply (adv)

"~ implement, utilize, apply, use ##Footnote The manager decided to d_____ additional staff for the event."

"deploy /dɪˈplɔɪ/ > triển khai, sử dụng"

"mạng lưới, chòm sao ##Footnote thousands of large c______ of satellites"

"constellation /ˌkɒnstəˈleɪʃn/"

"~ hit ##Footnote He s_____ the alarm clock when it woke him up too early. The chef s____ the garlic cloves before adding them to the sauce."

"smash > đập nát"

"~ frighten, scare ##Footnote The attacker t_____ them with a gun."

"threaten (v) /ˈθretn/ > đe doạ ##Footnote > threat (n): mối đe dọa /θret/"

"to spread over an area of land ~ extend ##Footnote The traffic jam seemed to s_____ for miles."

"stretch > kéo dài"

"the height above sea level ##Footnote We are flying at an a______ of 6,000 metres."

"altitude /ˈæltɪtjuːd/ > độ cao"

"used to give a total number or amount ##Footnote You owe me £68 a_____ ."

"altogether /ˌɔːltəˈɡeðə(r)/ > tổng cộng"

"a person or company that runs a particular business ##Footnote The tour o_____ organized an unforgettable trip to the Grand Canyon."

"operator /ˈɒpəreɪtə(r)/ > công ty, nhà điều hành"

"to control the direction ##Footnote He had to quickly s_____ the car away from the oncoming traffic. Can you help me s_____ this project in the right direction?"

"steer /stɪə(r)/ > lái ##Footnote > steering wheel: vô lăng"

"~ possible ##Footnote We have compiled a list of 10 p_____ candidates. First we need to identify actual and p______ problems."

"potential (a) /pəˈtenʃl/ > tiềm năng (tích cực) > tiềm tàng (tiêu cực) ##Footnote potential (n) > She is a student with great potential."

or else ##Footnote I have to work late tonight; o_____ , I won't meet the deadline."

"otherwise /ˈʌðəwaɪz/"

"rác vũ trụ ##Footnote space j_____"

space junk

"to have existed since a particular time or for a particular period ##Footnote The origins of this recipe “____ back to” the 18th century."

go back to + the time

"~ period of time, age ##Footnote We're living in the digital e____, where technology evolves rapidly."

"era /ˈɪrə/, /ˈerə/ > thời kì"

"~ quickly, speedily ##Footnote The fire spread r_____ through the forest."

rapidly

"to carefully examine ##Footnote Scientists will i____ the effects of the drug."

"investigate /ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt/ > điều tra, tìm hiểu sâu"

"~ deal with, resolve, handle, tackle ##Footnote Instead of avoiding it, let's a____ the problem together."

"attack > giải quyết > attack the problem"

"to make a judgement about the nature or quality of sb/st ~ evaluate ##Footnote We need to a____ the situation before making any decisions. The teacher will a____ your essay based on clarity and organization."

"assess /əˈses/ > đánh giá"

"bringing together different items in order to produce st ~ collect, gather ##Footnote She will c____ the data into a report."

"compile /kəmˈpaɪl/ > tổng hợp"

"~ huge ##Footnote The ship was truly m____ . m____ data His influence in the industry is m_____ ."

"massive /ˈmæsɪv/"

"a thing or things that are owned by somebody ##Footnote This building is government p_____ ."

"property /ˈprɒpəti/ > tài sản"

"~ another option ##Footnote The car is too expensive so we're trying to find a cheaper a____. The road was closed so we had to find an a______ route."

"alternative (n, a) /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/ > cái khác, cái thay thế"

"~create ##Footnote Just a few uncontrolled space crashes could g_____ enough debris to set off a runaway cascade of fragments"

"generate /ˈdʒenəreɪt/"

"a large amount of water (or st) falling or pouring down ##Footnote The waterfall created a stunning c_____ of water."

"cascade /kæˈskeɪd/ > dòng thác, hàng loạt ##Footnote > The protein can trigger a cascade of events that leads to heart failure."

"~ make, cause ##Footnote The new software can r_____ 3D images quickly. Her performance r_____ the audience speechless."

"render /ˈrendə(r)/ > cho ra kết quả"

"~ watch, track, control ##Footnote Each student's progress is closely m_____ ."

"monitor /ˈmɒnɪtə(r)/"

"a set of rules or instructions ##Footnote Please follow the safety g_____ at all times."

"guideline /ˈɡaɪdlaɪn/ > hướng dẫn"

"allows air, gas or liquid to pass out ##Footnote The steam v____ through the pipe. She needed to v____ her frustrations after a long day."

"vent > xì ra"

"nguyên liệu đã bị nén ##Footnote p_____ materials"

"pressurised materials /ˈpreʃəraɪz/"

"that has not been eaten or used at the end of something ##Footnote I'll heat up the l_____ pizza for lunch."

"leftover > dư"

"to break into small parts or pieces and be destroyed ##Footnote The sugar cube will d_____ when immersed in hot water. Lack of communication can cause relationships to d_____ ."

"disintegrate /dɪsˈɪntɪɡreɪt/ > tan rã, tan vỡ"

"to accept and act according to a law, an agreement, etc. ~ follow ##Footnote We must “a_____ by” the rules of the game."

"abide by st /əˈbaɪd/ > tuân thủ"

"~ Until now ##Footnote “So ____”, no one has been able to solve the puzzle."

"so far > cho tới giờ"

"a person whose responsibility it is to take care of something ~ administrator, manager, attendant ##Footnote The flight s_____ attended to passengers' needs. Environmental s_____ protect our natural resources."

"steward /ˈstjuːəd/, /ˈstuːərd/ > phục vụ"

"a company or business or a large project ##Footnote They will be responsible stewards in their e____ in space"

"enterprise(s) /ˈentəpraɪz/"

"~ plan, aim ##Footnote I have no i_____ of going to the wedding."

"intention /ɪnˈtenʃn/ > ý định"

"without enough money to pay what you owe ##Footnote The company went b_____ last year."

"bankrupt /ˈbæŋkrʌpt/ > phá sản > go bankrupt"

"~ because of ##Footnote G____ her interest in children, teaching seems the right job for her."

given

"~ enormity, greatness ##Footnote the v_____ of space"

"vastness > sự rộng lớn"

"~ handle, attack, solve ##Footnote He's ready to t_____ any challenge that comes his way."

"tackle /ˈtækl/"

"~ accuracy, exactness ##Footnote The surgeon operated with remarkable p_____ ."

"precision /prɪˈsɪʒn/ > độ chính xác"

"~ accurately ##Footnote He arrived p_____ at 9 o'clock. The instructions were p_______ written."

"precisely /prɪˈsaɪsli/ > chính xác"

"~ ease, relieve, reduce, lessen ##Footnote Drinking herbal tea can a_____ stress."

alleviate /əˈliːvieɪt/ > giảm

"a particular subject or activity that somebody works in or is interested in ~ area ##Footnote All of them are experts in their chosen f____."

"field > mảng, lĩnh vực"

"xếp hàng ~ Queue /kjuː/ ##Footnote Please “l____ up” behind the red tape."

line up

to follow the progress or development of sb/st ##Footnote We'll t____ your package and update you on its delivery. She's an expert at keeping t____ of expenses."

"track > theo dõi"

"in a way that does not change and continues for a period of time ~ steadily, continuously, constantly ##Footnote The company has c_____ increased its profits."

"consistently /kənˈsɪstəntli/ > liên tục"

"~ Reliable, Trustworthy, Persuasive, Respected ##Footnote The book provided an a_____ analysis of the subject."

"authoritative /ɔːˈθɒrətətɪv/ > được chứng nhận, đáng tin"

"list of items ##Footnote Can you grab me a c_____ so I can browse the options?"

"catalogue /ˈkætəlɒɡ/"

"to recognize sb/st ##Footnote She was able to i____ her attacker. It's important to i_____ your strengths and weaknesses."

"identify > nhận dạng, định danh"

"~ show ##Footnote The database draws a purple line to d_____ its orbit"

"designate /ˈdezɪɡneɪt/"

"kết nối ~ link, connection ##Footnote c____-correlate"

"cross-correlate /ˈkɒrəleɪt/"

"~ say ##Footnote He a____ that they needed more time to finish the project."

"argue /ˈɑːɡjuː/"

"tài nguyên ##Footnote Water is a vital r_____ for all living beings"

resource

IELTS 18 Reading T1 Flashcards

(120 cards)