ii Westward expansion

Question 1

what was manifest destiny

Answer 1

a term coined by John l. osullivan was the pharse brought about by western expanion into areas like oregon , many americans believed this to be a motiviating factor that their country should actually oppupy the entire country from coast to coast, [expansionism] , they used chrisitn quotes and ideas to justift this and believed them to be superior and it to be htere right, they foun dhte mexicans to be lazy and the indians to be savage.

Question 2

why was tesnion created by western expansionism

Answer 2

because the issue of expanding westwards was that peopl ecoulnt decide wetehr these areas would be slaver or free and it casued numerous ideoligycal spiffs and troubles for the norht and south who were in conflict

Question 3

what was a fillibuster

Answer 3

americans hwo were armed and seized land off of the native populations and they in the case of texas claimed the land off both natives and mexicans essentially

Question 4

who did texas belong to in 1824 and how did hte governemrntn there encoruage mgration into texas

Answer 4

mexico, their govt launchf and empazrio system where htey sold off land but made these people mexican citezens

Question 5

what happened on the 2nd and then the 6ht of march 1836.

Answer 5

2nd. mexicna president victoria ended his term
6th. replubli of texa with settles froma merica dclared itself independeant

Question 6

what happened in texas in 1845 after the war

Answer 6

texas became a state

Question 7

causes of war: what happened with texas from 1821-35

Answer 7

texas was under mexican control
from the 1820s many americans nmoved ot texas unnofically taking hteir slves with them
further american immigration ot texas was preohibetd by the mexican govt
by 1835 the areas just had 5000 mexicnas and 30000 american immigrants aswell as 5000 slaves so the americans outnumbered the mexicans

Question 8

what happened in texas from winte
r 1835-april 1836

Answer 8

> the efforts of presidnet santa anna to enforce mexicna authority wer elargely resented by the american texans
mexico freed its slaves in 1830 and passe dmore anti american immigration laws further proving to be an issue with the aemricans mass migrating [ eseciallly southerners]
over the winter of 1835-36 the american texans declared independence
santa anna then marched north with a large army an a force of 187 texans put up a force for firghi5ng at the alamo a fortified san antonio mission
all texans fell in marcha dnpresident jackson sympathied with the revolters but he snet no offical help to them
hundred of americans from south midwest rushed into to help and sam houstons army defeate dmexians at battle of san jacinto , santa anna captured an fdorced to recognise texan independance

Question 9

texas in 1836-1840s

Answer 9

had not been ratified on santa annas actions of accepting texan indepencance but most of the southern supporter for texas hoped it to join the union but many northerns deeply apposed this move as it would lead to the expansion f slvery and texas was so big it could be expanded to five different states whih cwoul heaviity tilt the balance in the aouths favour
it was deemed a proble and jacksen shelved the issue and it meant for years texas as rejected by usa and unreocngised by mexico

Question 10

when did texas becom a major issue once more

Answer 10

when polk was elcted as president on hte preceident of annexing texas as a democrot and he also wanrted to annex oregon and texas admitted in 1845

Question 11

what happneed iwht manifest desny in 1845

Answer 11

president polk was fullly commited to western expansionism and this was due to his wish to annex californaia and new mexico , and deomcrat john o sullivan eclared it the usas manifest destany to control these areas and to control the contient of north america , many norhterners saw is at as smokescreen to conceal the evil hidden attmepts to carry slavery on

Question 12

explain how the outbreak of war with mexico anx america occured

Answer 12

mexico was heavly angered by the us annexation of texas as they still loosely claimed it to be their sovergn statye, there was also border disputes beetween th e two countries , the brely concealed palns polk had with nm didnt help either and negotiation didnt work

polk sent sent us troops to the disputed border of the rio grande hopin got provoke a war causing incident and in may 1846 mexican troops ambushed the party of us troops in the disputed areas thus killing or wounding 16 men and polk declared the mexicans had shed blood on american soil and asked for congressional approval to wage war whihc was granted , the northenrers felt lie the attmepts at war were just a southern war of aggression

Question 13

why did the usa habe an advsnage in the us mexico war

Answer 13

it had twice as many people and thi smeant that it also ahd a much stronger industreil base than mexioc and greater military potnetial despirte less acutall sodliers , the mexico forces were also poorly led and euqipped
> usa had supeiror artlierry
> a pool of well trained west point soliders
> enthusuastuc souther and westgern volunteers
> a sense of naval supremecy

Question 14

explain the main events of the war in 1846

Answer 14

summer of 186 colenel kearney annexed new mexico then marche dcalifornia and the providence wa slargely under us control as the majority rule american settlers declared independance from mexico ,
helped by colonel john c fremont
and a naval expeidion cornerd off the coast of california
kearneys arrival in dec 1846 ended the remaining mexiacn resistance , polk hoped mexico woul dadmit defeat bbut santa anna refused

Question 15

who were americas notable war heroes

Answer 15

gneral zachary taylor played role in defeating the mexicans at buena vista in 1847
general winfeild scott captured mexico city in september 1847

Question 16

what had happened by 1847 signalling ht eessential end of the war

Answer 16

it had cos tht eamwricans over 100 million usd and it was now essentially over 13k soliders dead and the uk was in positonon to enforce peace as the yoccupied all the disputed terrioty and mexico city

Question 17

what did southerners vs northerners call for

Answer 17

southerners called for a complete annex of mexico but northrners wanted t annex non whatseover due to the dangers of alll the terrioty being below the missouri comproomuse line

Question 18

what was the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo

Answer 18

california and new mexico , including nevada urtah and arizona were acceptied to the usa 2/5 of their present day territory polk was unhappy witht the treaty as he wanted to gain more territory from mexoco that they had occupie in the war

Question 19

what was northern and southern opionon of the treaty of guadalupe hidaalgo
and how did it result in polks decision

Answer 19

spurred on by the southerenrs qhp saw the dizzlng opportunites for further slave states and more etc , however northern opionon was negative and some southerenrs and opinion on the fact that some southerners had no desire to to rule over th idians and mexicans ,polk reluctsntly acceped the treaty and it was ratified in may 1848

Question 20

why did david wilmot and many nrtherners beleive polk was biased [ reasons for the wilmott proviso ]

Answer 20

he resdnted polks lcear pro soutehrn leaning as polk wa happy to fight the mexianx war but went back on his ris eot tske the whole of oregon whihc made nrrheenees felt as though he had pro sotuehen leaning , no ht less the norhterner s feelt lik eh e was hceting them out of a good de\l for thw norht as they only took untill the 49th parallel

Question 21

what were the terms therefore of the wilmott proviso

Answer 21

it was an amdendment t the hor fiance bill where slavery would be exluded from all new southern terriotrys gained a sa reuslt of the emxican american war and this proviso he supported not because he was anti slavery but because he was just anti expansionist and he didnt watn the creation of new slave states tipping the balance in the us senate in southern favour

Question 22

what was the northenrers reason for supporting the wilmott proviso

Answer 22

northerners wanted to keep blacks out of northern terriortys and they didnt want slave agriculture competing with their agriculture and northern democrats were now even telling oolk they were concerned iwtht edirectipn f his actions

Question 23

what happened wit the proviso in congress and what were the then ultimate consequeunces of this

Answer 23

proviso after gureling debates acutally passed the hor by 83 votes to 64 and this voting was secitonal as everfy souther democrat and all but two southern whigs voted against it , sentator tombs of georgia warend that if the proviso became law he would ctually favour disunion rather than
however the prviso fiale drot get pas tthe souther dominated senate and thi smeant that it id dnot infact ge tpassed into a law ,netherless the proviso increased sectional tensions

Question 24

explain the calhoun doctrine as a response to the wilmot proviso

Answer 24

southerners responded t this with tthe aggressive threat of the calhoun doctrine where john ccalhoun isseued a doctrine sttng thst citezesnf rom any state had the right to take ther eporpterty wherever they deemed fit and that cngresss had no aturohrity to assert ojn this matter at all or to place restirctions on slaery or slave terriories and the south woul dhav elittele option to succeed if not followed

Question 25

why did moderate politicands want tot find a compromise and what were the two ooptons

Answer 25

1the most succesufl was the idea of popular soverngty the view that the settlers no tcongress shoul svote on wether to have slavery in the new terriorties , asscaird with steohen douglas consistant eith democracy as it met with suthern non intervetion in state affairs aswell ashte fact tha tmany norhterners knew slaver wouldnt get voted in the northern terirortys they wer concerned about 2 . pol supoorted continuing the 36 . 30 line acfros th econtinetn

Question 26

what was polks preferred solution of the two and did it end up passing congress

Answer 26

the 36 30 plan was heavily apposed by the majorty of northerners so gt shut down.

Question 27

what were the conesquences of the wilmot provsio in refercne to divisions

Answer 27

further sectionaisation of political partys as northern democrats found it hard rto usport a suthern based party sectional voting beetween slave and free was now more important based on north vs south so slavery had become the main valence acdetuentated onto the civil war by triggering the later ompriomsie of 1850

Question 28

what were the free soilers

Answer 28

the free soilers were a new party that eventually absorbed into the republicn party and they were repsonaible for the first politcal anti slavery platofrom so they were largely importwnt but never really rcieved power

Question 29

who was the deomcrat advocat efor 1848

Answer 29

the deomocrat schose northern lewis cass to avoid th controversy they had with polk as cas was northern and seemed like he was neutral as he also supoorted pop sov

Question 30

who qas the whig cndiate and why was he chosen

Answer 30

at this election the whigs were keen to avod sectionalis aa this they chose zachary taylor who was a sotuhern slave owner an he seemed like a likely winner that could acutally prevent them from loosing whihc theyt beleived was essential

Question 31

who were the free soilers and what did they believe

Answer 31

this inclued northern democrats who disliked casses idead of pop sov and southern whigs who were consiese and didnt like taylor and thi sparty was no tsecutional but peodminantly northern and anti slavery they nomnated martin van burhen

Question 32

what was the 1848 election result

Answer 32

it was a triumph for taylor who won 163 electoral collage votes compared to cass who won 127 and this whig predecincey woul dmark the ned of tnorthenr talkdso f a southern bias even though taylor was clealry actually southern himself however taylor died and was replaced by filmore after 16 months

Question 33

why did northerners vte fr taylor and why did southerenrs vote for him

Answer 33

in th enorth they didt want to exppands slavery and taylor and the whigs promoted a prlaform firmly usporting the missouri compromise so it was good for them , he was a war hero with militant expericene, he seemed like an attractive candidte he was southern so could win the southern vote aswlel southerners like how he idnt support nullifction andh ow he himslef was a southerner who owned slave they didnt see him as a whig they saw him as a southeebr

Question 34

why did northerners vote for deomcrat cass and whydid some not

Answer 34

northerners liked the diea that as a democrt the pop sov idea was vauge as it wa spusinh back the issue of slavery untill it was neccassry and rich upper class orhterners iddnt want ot have to think about slavery cass was a northerner southerersns liked how they coud vote to ghav etheir slaves they sw it as a fair way of deaing with it

Question 35

why did lots of peple not vote democrat in 48

Answer 35

they were deeply distrusting of polks adminsitration who had only icnrease dsectonal tesnions with his mishandling do the mexicn american war and peple didnt rtrust cass as a dandiate and many northerner actually saw poppular sovernty as too vague of a choice

Question 36

why were the election reuslts actually parculair

Answer 36

the result was not secitonal as taylor won 8/15 slave stats and 7/15 free states so it was the last non sectional election for now .

Question 37

what was the california gold rush of 1849

Answer 37

began in cafrnia when gold was discovered and thousands of prospectors flooded in from accross the country and this led to 100k people in a few month

Question 38

why did the issue of stathood arrive sooner rather than later

Answer 38

end consecnes on no verdict of slavery as now there was uncertsinty for taylor later to decide , the 100k was more than enough for statehood to be applied for thousands of moromons also drew up a constitioon around salt lake city they quikly drew up a consitution and applied for statehood whihc was son ratified as a free stste psoing mor eporblems for california and new mexico

Question 39

why were sotuehrn texans also mad about new mexic obeing free

Answer 39

there was also heavy border disputes with texas whih angeredf the slave holsing twxans who were repared to figgt and tsylor had to sne din the national guars

Question 40

why were people inside califronia concerned about this issue

Answer 40

they were unsure wether thed be allowed to keep theri slaves or not ansd the fre albour of the prospecters was lashing with this

Question 41

explain then what president taylor did based on who influenced him

Answer 41

taylor wa sseen as amna of honesty and intergrity , he wa sdetermined to act in a way that would benefit national interest , he deliberatly but perhaps foolishly ignored the adivce of the old whigs henry clay and daniel webstr which was foolish and he replaeced him wth northerner william seward whp was more radicall nd very few whigs in the southe rwwre ahppy whihc was on eof the firt cracks of the whig party

Question 42

what happened in 1849 with congress and what did taylor therefore do

Answer 42

congress sitting ended in march 1849 and they didnt meet agin untill the dce,ber where he actwd quikcly hopiing to li,it sctional strife, he encouraged both cali and new mexico to go thorough the state appliction process wihtout first establishing terrortial gvtvsts and taylor had no wish to abolish slavery as he tohugh that keeing it out of free terriotries was actually its best chance at still existing ,

Question 43

what happened with califrnia and its consittuon in 1849

Answer 43

california ratified its constituion prohibiting slavery and applied for admission and taylor was prepared to admit new mexico also as a free state whihc was an issue as therewas a border dusoute beetwen nm and texa sand taylo almost had to hold a clash beetween texas army and us state forces

Question 44

explain the southern resentment to californias admittance to the union and what it led to

Answer 44

having doen muc of hte fightng against mexico n th war to achive thi sland southerners resented the decson and felt cheated thaty there laws of existance were actuall ybeing excluded from all the new terrioty which they saw as unacceptable , they beleived no new terriorty shoul dbe admitted to the union without them being compensated as they found it to be an instance of the government onl yprotecting the norht, something important here is tht it angered southern whigs who had voted for taylor showing the materilaiation of sectionlism ,

Question 45

what did some southerners do in respone to the decison speciaclly due to misssissipi

Answer 45

mississippiissued a cal to all southern states to attend a convention to meet in nshville in june 1850 hold " some mood of resitance to northern aggession " 9 states hsowed up

Question 46

how had taylor failed at reducing sectional strife wit h the admitscne of california

Answer 46

all hopes of reducng strife were dashed an dfistafighhts even became common in congress , debats were fierce and it prooted southern aggression to point out issues with soutern slaves and sectonlism became so aparaetn it was now discussed in cognress somethng that wasnt afferfore done as much

Question 47

why di henry clay want to start the compromie of 1850 debartes

Answer 47

he waa concerend about wha twul dhappen if the issue was persisted further he wanted t maange the anger of the southerenrs as taylor who wanted to " call their bluff" clay was responsible for the missour compromise and he wa snow 73

Question 48

what were the terms on whc clay presented the compromise of 1850

Answer 48

> california admitted as a free state > utah or the mormam state of dessrert were to be re organsieed as terriotis without any mention or resticitons on slavery > salve trading banned in washgnton dc but not slaver ownership > a more stong fugitive slave act put in place to placate the south > the broder dispute woul dbe solved as texas woul a mit the land to the non slave nm and in rturn congress would assume the 10million public debt that texas atill owed,

Question 49

what happened i th enedt fe moths wiht the comprmise debate

Answer 49

next few months marked out by a series of epic speeches where as clays proposals most of the old guard amde there way on stage to join in witht he debars so did the younger guard like seward and douglas who were in thebginning of their career, clay defendeded his propals in feb 1850 witha four hour speech i hav seen amny periods of peril dnager and anxiety calhoun was too ill to speak so his speech was read by senator masojn of virginnia " how can the unin be saved

Question 50

what was daneil websters role in the compromises an waht was the publics opinion of him

Answer 50

on 7th march webster made hus speach in upoort of comprokise and agaainst sectionalism itself " iwish to apeak not as a massaachuessets aman nut as an american man " moderates loved his speech and saw him as a defender of the union but abolionists were despeate to rear him down for betraying thw cause for freedom this movwmenet woul dlat tay apart the whig party

Question 51

how was the nashville convention play out in the end

Answer 51

only 9 showeed up oiut of 15 showing how the south was littl eintereste din acutlly seccedding whihc lay out hopes for thecompromise of 1850

Question 52

what happened when taylor died

Answer 52

taylor dies ad filmore take power making webster secratory of state showin gho whe i sfa rmor neutral than taylor and was a keen supoort of the comproise

Question 53

when was the compromise votd on and did it pass

Answer 53

31st of july clays bill was defeated altho it was alo sbecause many northerners voted agianst it

Question 54

what did stephen douglas do the save the compromise of 1850

Answer 54

he took over as head comproiser fom clay and he suggested breaking up the copromsei into sepretae bills anf this strategy was sucessful as southerner voted for policies thy lked and northeeners fo rones they liked and the floating moderates swung the balance by septe,ber 1850 all the vbit of the compromise hadf passed ; california a sa free state , terrortyy status for utaha nd nm allowng for pp sov resolution of texas a new tighter fugitive slave act a ban on wahsintgont slave trade

Question 55

however what had the 1850 comproise not actuslly solved

Answer 55

it had skrmished not settled the issuu of slaver yin the soutern terirortysso the issuees werent actually perminetly resolved at all it just felt lie they were for now

Question 56

what did many norhterners think f the compromise outcome and what was actully the case

Answer 56

many northenrers beleved congress had cravenly surrenddered from the south but the north ahd argubly benefitted more from the compromise as the entry of california had tipped to northern free baance into teh senate , the only rhing the south gained was the fugutive slave act

Question 57

what had hapened for the sothern seccessinists as a result of the comprimise of 1850

Answer 57

the succesionists hopes had been killed and the south ahd decieed against usccessio for now so the union was preserved , many southerenrs now accpeted calhouns doctrne that secesison was only aproaptaite in certain instances

Question 58

explain the fugtive slave act 1850

Answer 58

first introduced in 173 but strenhtenred in 1850 as a reuslt of the comp of 1850 , southerners were able ot make so many concession si n the comp of 1850 a sthey thought it woul help end the slavery debate but they unfrotunetly were wrong as the fugibitve slave act getting strnethended was quickly refuted. ironically the 1850 re stenthending only pushed the abolitonist sentemnt further as th emobs of the north were epsereta to free th eblackskf rom this injustice , on one ccasion it took an entire naval ship and everal hundred troops to escort a slave back from boston

Question 59

fugivitve slave act 1850-54 further details

Answer 59

this new act was distastefgul to moderates and utragour to extrme ablitonists those who reufse dhad to pay a 1000 dollar fine for hlelping slaves, now targted runaways from decades ago efforts to return slaves inflamed peoples feelings and 1854 a boston mob broke into a courtghouse and killed a guard to rescue fugitive slave anthny buerns

Question 60

how did northern states officiall yget past the sfugutive slave act and what id dt caue

Answer 60

durng 1850s 9 northern state passed perosnal liberty laws that forbade state jails to imprison fugitives whihc meant these laws made it hard to infcoce the federal fufgitvie slav elaw , this caused huge southern resentment and the south felt cheated s thet saw it as the one thig they beenfiteed from the comrlmie already secjtonailism was bubbling back up , this however was acgtuslly over eagerrtated