Immediate Immunity: Barriers and Soluble Effectors I Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
What is innate immunity?
A
A generalized host defense mechanism that continuously acts from the start of an infection and does not adapt to a specific pathogen or generate immunologic memory
2
Q
What are the two components of the innate system?
A
- Immediate
2. Induced
3
Q
What are the 2 components of Immediate innate immunity?
A
- Barriers
2. Soluble Effectors
4
Q
What are the types of Barriers in Immediate induced Immunity?
A
- Mechanical
- Chemical
- Microbiological
5
Q
What are the soluble effectors of Immediate innate immunity?
A
- Complement
2. Antimicrobial Peptides
6
Q
What are the 2 components of Induced innate immunity?
A
- Cells
2. Cytokines
7
Q
What are the cells of induced innate immunity?
A
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
- Dendritic cells
- NK cells
- Mast cells
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
8
Q
What are the cytokines in induced innate immunity?
A
- Interleukins
- Chemokines
- Growth Factors
9
Q
Innate immunity is a system of _______ _______
A
Pattern recognition
10
Q
Types and composition of extracellular and cell surface _______, _________, and ______ activate specific immune respones
A
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
11
Q
What are effector processes?
A
The things that kill pathogens and cells
12
Q
What are 2 classes of molecular patterns/
A
- Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
2. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
13
Q
Name 4 things involved in the PAMPs
A
- Lipopolysaccharide
- Flagellin
- Mannose sugars
- Unmethylated CPG DNA
14
Q
Name 3 things involved with the DAMPs
A
- Heath shock proteins
- Fibronectin
- Chromatin
15
Q
What are the mechanical components of the skin that make it a barrier?
A
- Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
2. Longitudial flow of air or fluid
16
Q
What are the Chemical aspects of the skin as a barrier?
A
- Fatty Acids
2. Beta-defensins, Lamellar bodies, Cathelicidin
17
Q
What are the microbiological aspects of the skin as a barrier?
A
Normal microbiota
18
Q
What are the mechanical aspects of the gut as a barrier?
A
- Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
2. Longitudinal flow of air or fluid
19
Q
What are the chemical aspects of the gut as a barrier?
A
- Low pH
- Enzymes (pepsin
- Alpha-defensins (cryptdins)
- RegIII (lecticidins)
- Cathelicidin
20
Q
What are the Microbiological barrier aspects of the gut?
A
Normal Microbiota
21
Q
What are the mechanical barriers of the lungs?
A
- Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
2. movement of mucus by cilia
22
Q
What are the chemical barriers of the lung?
A
- Pulmonary surfactant
- Alpha-defensins
- Cathelicidin
23
Q
What are the Microbiological barriers of the lung?
A
Normal Microbiota
24
Q
What does opsonization mean?
A
Basically to be covered and coated
25
What are the mechanical barriers of the Eyes, nose, and oral cavity?
1. Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
| 2. Tears and Nasal Cilia
26
What are the chemical barriers of the eyes, nose, and oral cavity?
1. Enzymes in tears and saliva (lysozome)
2. Histatins
3. Beta-defensins
27
What are the microbiological barriers of the eyes, nose, and oral cavity?
Normal microbiota
28
Mechanical barriers prevent _________
Infiltration, they physically block pathogens
29
T/F Barriers are passive
FALSE
30
Mucosal cells produce ______ barriers
chemical
31
_________ are integrated into barriers
Specialized immune tissues like Lymphoid tissues
32
Cells within the stratum granulosum have lamellar bodies T/F
TRUE
33
Chemical Barriers act on pathogens in what two ways?
1. Isolation and physical removal
| 2. Targeted destruction
34
T/F Lymphoid tissues are more structured than lymph nodes
FALSE, they are less structured
35
Can localized B and T cell activation happen in lymphoid tissues?
Yes
36
Every mucosal tissue has some form or capacity of what two things?
1. Secretion
| 2. Motility
37
What does secretion do?
Traps pathogens
38
What does motility do?
Removes pathogens from mucosal surfaces
39
What cleaves peptidoglycans?
Lysozyme
40
What are the most common Chemical barriers?
Peptides and proteins
41
T/F Lipids and carbohydrates are never considered Chemical barriers
False
42
Defensins are ______ and ______
1. Chemical Barriers
| 2. Soluble Effectors
43
What are defensins released by?
Immune and barrier cells
44
Lysozymes specifically target which type of bacteria?
Gram +
| because they have exposed peptidoglycan
45
Slide 9 table
-
46
What are the two different classes of defensins?
Alpha and Beta
47
What produces Alpha defensins?
Neutrophils (predominately)
| Paneth cells do a little bit
48
What produces Beta defensins?
- epithelial cells
| - Most mucosal surfaces in the body
49
What are the two major things that defensins do?
1. Disrupt pathogen membranes
| 2. --
50
How do defensins disrupt pathogen membrane?
1. Electrostatic attraction and the transmembrane electric field bring the defensin in to the lipid bilayer
2. Defensins are positively charged and repel each other creating pores in the membrane
51
What don't defensins hurt eukaryotic cells normally?
Their membranes have positive proteins in them that repel the defensins
52
What are other various things that defensins can do?
Slide 11
53
Beta defensins are constituitively released by what?
Stratified oral epithelium
54
What secretes Alpha defensins into GCF?
Neutrophils
55
What does commensal mean?
One organism benefits, the other niether suffers nor benefits
56
What are the 3 functions of the normal microbiota on our barriers?
1. Protective functions
2. Structural functions
3. Metabolic functions
57
________ shape local gut flora
Antimicrobial peptides
58
Commensal flora ______ pathogenic flora
outcompete
59
What detects commensal vs. pathogenic bacteria and prevents or triggers inflammation accordingly?
Pattern recognition receptors
60
What do commensal bacteria induce in regards to immune response?
1. IgA secretion
| 2. Antimicrobial Secretion
61
T/F Dendritic cells constantly browse mucosal flora
TRUE
62
What is the complement system?
An immune surveillance system of plasma proteins that act in cascades to selectively kill extracellular pathogens and diseased tissue, promote inflammation, clear tissue damage, and regulate tissue homeostasis
63
What are the 3 classical pathways of the complement system
1. Classical Pathway
2. Lectin Pathway
3. Alternate Pathway
**They were discovered in this order but are activated in reverse order
64
Where are most complement components made?
The liver
65
What percent of plasma globulin protein is complement?
15%
66
What are initiators?
They initiate the complement pathways
67
What are the initiators of the classical pathway?
Antibody/C1q complexes
68
What are the initiators of the lectin pathway?
Mannose--binding lectins
69
What are the initiators of the alternate pathway?
1. C3
| 2. Properdin
70
Slide 16 proteins
-
71
What are convertase Activators?
Form convertases, which label pathogens/antigens with C3b and C5b
72
What are Opsonins?
Coat pathogens/antigens and target them for phagocytes
73
What are anaphylatoxins?
Initiate and promote inflammation
74
What do membrane attack complexes do?
Form the MAC pore
75
What do complement receptors do?
Initiate signaling
76
What do regulators do?
Restrict or halt complement activity
77
Where are lysozymes located?
Mucosal/glandular secretions like tears, saliva, respiratory tract
78
Where are lactoferrins located?
Mucosal/glandular secretions like milk, intestine mucus, nasal respiratory and urogenital tracts
79
Where are defensins located?
Skin, mucosal epithelia like the mouth, intestine, nasal/respiratory tract, and urogenital tract
80
Where is Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor located?
Skin, mucosal/glandular secretions like intestines, respiratory, and urogenital tract
81
Where are S100 Proteins located?
Skin, mucosal/glandular secretions like tears, saliva, tongue, intestine, nasal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts
82
What are two examples of s100 proteins?
1. Psoriasin
| 2. Calprotectin
83
Where do you find Cathelicidin (LL37)?
Mucosal epithelia (respiratory tract, urogenital tract)
84
Where do you find surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-D?
Secrections of respiratory tract, other mucosal epithelia
85
What are the important types of proteins and peptides?
1. Lysozyme*
2. Lactoferrin*
3. Defensins*
4. Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor
5. S100 proteins
6. Cathelicidin (LL37)
7. Surfactant proteins SP-A, SP-D
86
What do lysozymes do?
Cleaves glycosydic bonds of peptidoglycans in cell walls of bacteria, leading to lysis
87
What do lactoferrins do?
1. Binds and sequesters iron, limiting growth of bacteria and fungi
2. Distrupts microbial membranes
3. Limits infectivity of some viruses
88
What do defensins do?
1. Disrupt membranes of bacteria, fungi, protozoan parasites, and viruses
2. Additional toxic effects intracellularly
3. Kills cells
89
What do Secretory leukocyte proteases do?
1. Blocks epithelial infection by bacteria, fungi, viruses
| 2. Antimicrobial
90
What do S100 proteins do?
1. Disrups membranes, killing cells
| 2. Binds and sequesters divalent cations such as manganese ans zinc, limiting the growth of bacteria and fungi
91
What do Cathelicidins do?
1. Disrupts membranes of bacteria
2. Additional toxic effects intracellularly
3. Kills cells
92
What do surfactant proteins do?
1. Block bacterial surface components
| 2. Promotes phagocytosis
93
C3 is cleaved into what two fragments?
C3a and C3b
94
Is C3a considered the large or small fragment?
Small
95
Which fragment has enzyme activity, C3a or C3b?
C3b
C3a has not enzyme activity
96
Is C3a or C3b an anaphylatoxin?
C3a
97
Which fragment of C3 is involved in signaling activity?
Both C3a and C3b
98
Which C3 fragment is an opsonin?
C3b
99
Draw out the Alternative complement pathway
Slide 17
100
Draw out the Lectin Pathway
Slide 17
101
Draw out the classical pathway
Slide 17
