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**Host and Defense > Tolerance and Transplantation > Flashcards

Tolerance and Transplantation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 fundamental problems when considering transplantations?

A
  1. Transplant must perform its functions
  2. Transplant and recipient health must be maintained
  3. Recipient immune system must not reject the transplant
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2
Q

Name the two transplantation types

A
  1. Solid organ

2. Blood

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3
Q

What are the two types of blood transplants?

A
  1. Bone marrow/hematopoitic stem cell

2. Transfusion

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4
Q

T/F Transplants are permanent solutions

A

False

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5
Q

What is the most common organ transplant?

A

Kidney

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6
Q

Name the 4 types of transplants

A
  1. Autologous
  2. Syngeneic
  3. Allogeneic
  4. Xenogenic
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7
Q

Define autologous

A

Donor and recipient are the same individual

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8
Q

Define syngeneic

A

Donor and recipient are genetically identical

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9
Q

Define allogeneic

A

Donor and recipient are genetically different but of the same species

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10
Q

Define Xenogenic

A

Donor and recipient are of a different species

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11
Q

Name the 3 types of organ rejection

A
  1. Hyperacute
  2. Acute
  3. Chronic
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12
Q

What type of organ rejections are associated with type III hypersensitivity?

A

Chronic

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13
Q

Which type of organ rejection is associated with type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Acute

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14
Q

Which type of organ rejection is associated with type II hypersensitivity?

A

Hyperacute

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15
Q

The time frame for hyperacute organ rejection is what?

A

minutes to hours

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16
Q

Which organ rejection is associated with blood type alloantibodies?

A

Hyperacute

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17
Q

What type of cells are involved in Acute organ rejection?

A

CD4 and CD8 T cells

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18
Q

Which type of rejection is associated with HLA mismatches?

A

Acute

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19
Q

Which rejection is chronic transplant inflammation?

A

chronic

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20
Q

Most transplants are ______

A

Allogeneic

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21
Q

What is the biggest predictor of transplant success?

A

Histocompatibility between donor and recipient

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22
Q

What three things affect the histocompatibility of donor and recipient?

A
  1. Blood type
  2. Major HLA genes
  3. Minor HLA genes
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23
Q

What two things improve survival rates?

A
  1. Donor matching

2. Immunosuppressants

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24
Q

What is the most common transplantation?

A

Blood transfusions

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25
When was the first blood transfusion/transplant performed?
1812
26
T/F blood transfusions are a transient transplant
True
27
How often can you donate blood?
Whole blood: every 56 days Plasma: every 28 days Platelets: Every 15 days
28
What are the 3 blood fractions most commonly transfused?
1. Erythrocytes 2. Plasma 3. Platelets
29
What are some things that make a blood transfusion easier than a organ transfusion
1. Readily donated by healthy individuals 2. Simple and inexpensive compared to solid organ transplant 3. Erythrocytes do not express MHC 1 an 2 - no HLA matching
30
What type of antigens dictate blood type transfusion success?
ABO antigens
31
T/F ABO antigens are oligosaccharides
true
32
What express antigens similar to A and B?
Gut bacteria
33
What type of hypersensitivity do we need to be worried about with a blood transfusion?
Type II
34
Which Solid organ transplants can be done from live, healthy donors?
1. Kidney | 2. Liver
35
T/F you can get transplants from cadavers
True
36
T/F Transplant tissues must be alive and healthy
True
37
The transplant recipient is in a state of ______
inflammation
38
T/F the degree of match between donor and recipient varies with tissue type
True
39
What type of match do you need for a cornea transplant?
No matching or immunosuppression
40
What type of match do you need for a Liver transplant?
Only blood type match
41
What type of match do you need for a kidney transplant?
HLA and blood type match
42
ABO and rhesus incompatibility would lead to what type of rejection?
Hyperacute
43
Pre-existing anti-HLA class I antibodies would lead to which type of rejection?
Hyperacute
44
T/F Hyperacute rejection leads to reversible organ loss
False, irreversible organ loss
45
How would you prevent a hyperacute reaction?
compatibility assessment
46
Direct and indirect ______ leads to graft rejection
Allorecognition
47
Acute rejection would be associated with what type of Allorecognition?
Direct
48
Chronic rejection would be associated with what type of allorecognition?
Indirect
49
What antigens are involved in Allorecognition?
HLA class I and II antigens Minor HLA antigens
50
How would direct allorecognition cause acute rejection?
Transplant dendritic cells activate recipient T cells
51
In Direct allorecognition that causes acute rejection you have direct ____ Interaction, independent of _______
1. MHC | 2. Peptide
52
What is the time frame for Acute rejection due to Direct allorecognition?
Days to weeks
53
________ Activates T cells directly
Allogeneic
54
Activated transplant dendritic cells express ___ which lead to activating a _______ response
1. B7 | 2. CD8 and CD4 Th1
55
Antibodies against transplant MHC I cause _________
Chronic rejection
56
Progressive loss of blood and nutrient supply would be indicative of what kind of rejection?
Chronic rejection from antibodies against transplant MHC I
57
What type of transplantations Could be said to reset the blood system?
Bone marrow/hematopoietic stem cells
58
T/F Donor and recipient must share some HLA class I and II haplotypes
True
59
Hematopoietic transplants cause what type of disease?
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
60
Define graft versus host disease?
Transplant adaptive immune cells target and kill recipient tissues
61
What are the most pronounced problems in GVHD?
- GI - Liver - Skin problems
62
GVHD can be beneficial in what way?
For fighting cancer
63
Donor T cells cause
Acute DVHD
64
Alloreactive _______ cells can kill recipient _______
1. Natural killer cells | 2. Leukemia
65
What suppresses NF-kB transcriptional activity?
Corticosteroids
66
Immunosuppression targets what ?
T cell activation
67
Name two drugs that inhibit T cell activation?
1. Cyclosporin | 2. Tacrolimus
68
Name two drugs that prevent T cell survival and proliferation?
1. Belatacept | 2. Anti-CD25

**Host and Defense (31 decks)

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