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Y12 AS Biology > Immune response > Flashcards

Immune response Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four stages of the immune response?

A

Phagocytosis
T-Cells
B-Cells
Antibody production

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2
Q

What is a phagocyte?

A

A type of white blood cell

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3
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The engulfment of pathogens

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4
Q

What is the first stage of phagocytosis?

A

The phagocyte recognises the foreign antigens on a pathogen

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5
Q

What is the second stage of phagocytosis?

A

The cytoplasm moves around the pathogen to engulf it, containing it in a phagocytic vacuole

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6
Q

What is the third stage of phagocytosis?

A

A lysosome, which contains lysozyme enzymes, breaks down the bacteria after it fuses with the phagocytic vacuole

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7
Q

What does a phagocyte become?

A

Antigen presenting cell

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8
Q

What is a T-Cell?

A

A type of white blood cell

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9
Q

What do t-cells have on their surface and what do they do?

A

Receptor proteins which bind to complimentary antigens presented to it by phagocytes

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10
Q

What are the two types of T cells?

A

Helper T-cells

Cytotoxic T-cells

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11
Q

What do helper T-cells do?

A

Release chemical signals that activate and stimulate phagocytes

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12
Q

What do cytotoxic T-cells do?

A

Kill abnormal and foreign cells

Activate B-Cells

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13
Q

What are B-cells?

A

A type of white blood cell

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14
Q

What are B-cells covered in?

A

Antibodies

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15
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins that bind to antigens to form an antigen-antibody complex

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16
Q

What happens when an antibody on the surface of a B-cell meets a complimentary shaped antigen?

A

It binds to it

17
Q

What activates B-cells? What is this called?

A

The formation of an antibody-antigen complex and the chemicals released from the T-cells
Clonal selection

18
Q

What does the activated B-cell divide into?

A

Plasma cells

19
Q

What are plasma cells identical to?

A

B-cells

20
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

The antibodies which plasma cells secrete loads of which are specific to the antigen

21
Q

What is formed when an antibody binds to an antigen?

A

Antibody-antigen complex

22
Q

What is agglutination? How does this happen?

A

Pathogens becoming clumped together

The antibody has two binding sites so two pathogens can bind at the same time

23
Q

What is the same in all antibodies?

A

Constant region

24
Q

What is different in all antibodies?

A

Variable region

25
Q

How is one antibody specific to just one antigen?

A

The variable region has a unique tertiary structure, due to different amino acid structures

26
Q

What forms the cellular response?

A

The T-cells and other immume system cells they interact with

27
Q

What forms the humoral response?

A

B-cells, clonal selection and the production of monoclonal antibodies

28
Q

What is the primary response?

A

When an antigen enters the body for the first time, activating the immune system

29
Q

Is the primary response fast or slow? Why?

A

Slow

There aren’t many B-cells that can make the antibody needed to bind to it

30
Q

What do T-cells and B-cells produce after being exposed to the antigen?

A

Memory cells

31
Q

What do memory T-cells do during the primary response?

A

Remember the specific antigen and will recognise it a second time round

32
Q

What do memory B-cells do during the primary response?

A

Record the specific antibodies needed to bind to the antigen

33
Q

What is the secondary response?

A

When the same pathogen enters the body again and the immune system produces a quicker and stronger immune response

34
Q

Is the secondary response fast or slow? Why?

A

Fast

Clonal selection happens faster

35
Q

What do memory B-cells do during the secondary response?

A

They are activated and divide into plasma cells which produce the right antibody for the antigen

36
Q

What do memory T-cells do during the secondary response?

A

They are activated and divide into the correct type of T-cells to kill the cell carrying the antigen

37
Q

Explain why antibodies are only effective against a specific pathogen. (2 marks)

A

1) their binding sites are complimentary to the antigen

2) they can bind to form an antigen-antibody complex

38
Q

Why might babies already have measles antibodies before their MMR vaccination? (application)

A

They have received maternal antibodies from their mother

Y12 AS Biology (57 decks)

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