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Bio 260 > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Immune system does

A

works to defend body against

internal and external threats

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2
Q

What 2 systems work together in immunity

A

Immune and lymphatic systems

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3
Q

What does the immune system consists of

A

1) Contains no organs or tissues
2) Instead consists of cells and proteins in blood and tissues of other systems
3) including lymphatic system

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4
Q

What formed elements does the immune system has

A

1) leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs)

2) immune proteins located in plasma

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5
Q

What is immunity?

A

is the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses

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6
Q

What is susceptibility

A

lack of resistance

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7
Q

What are the two general types of immunity

A

Innate (nonspecific)

Adaptive (specific)

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8
Q

What is innate (nonspecific) immunity

A

1) nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or
within hours of an antigen’s appearance in the body.
2) Physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body

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9
Q

What is adaptive (specific) immunity

A

1) antigen-specific immune response
2) More complex than nonspecific
3) The antigen first must be processed and recognized. Once an antigen has been recognized, the adaptive immune system creates an army of immune cells specifically designed to attack that antigen.
4) Adaptive immunity also includes a “memory” that makes future responses against a specific antigen more efficient.

(long memory, when you do not have to put more than 1 vaccine)

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10
Q

What is the Lymphatic system

A

group of organs and tissues that not only works with immune system but also participates in number of functions such as fluid
homeostasis

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11
Q

What are the two main components of the lymphatic system

A

1) lymphatic vessels

2) lymphatic tissue and organs

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12
Q

What are the Lymphatic vessels

A

system of blind-ended tubes

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13
Q

What are some components of the Lymphatic tissue and organs

A

includes clusters of lymphoid follicles such as

1) Tonsils
2) Lymph nodes
3) Spleen
4) Thymus

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14
Q

What are the major functions of the lymphatic system

A

1) Regulation of interstitial fluid volume
- interstitial fluid and lymph are similar in composition
- returns fluid and any leaked plasma proteins to the blood
2) Absorption of dietary fats
3) Immune functions
- lymphoid organs filter pathogens from lymph and blood antigens provoke responses by B cells, plasma cells (which produce antibodies),
memory B cells, and several types of T cells including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells and memory T cells

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15
Q

Where is the lymph collected

A

In vessels called lymph-collecting vessels

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16
Q

lymph-collecting vessels merge to form what

A

lymph trucks

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17
Q

How many lymph trunks drain lymph from specific body

regions

A 
9
1) lumbar trunks
2) Intestinal trunk 
3) Jugular trunk 
4) Bronchomediastinal trunks 
5) Subclavian trunks 
6)
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18
Q

Where does the lumbar trunks receive lymph from

A

receive lymph from lower limbs and pelvic area

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19
Q

Where does the Intestinal trunk receives lymph from

A

receives fat-containing lymph from small lymphatic vessels—in small intestine

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20
Q

Where does Broncho mediastinal trunks receive lymph from

A

Receive lymph from thoracic cavity

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21
Q

Where does the Subclavian trunks receive lymph from

A

receive lymph from upper limbs

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22
Q

Where does the Jugular trunks receive lymph from

A

receive lymph from head and neck

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23
Q

Where does the Intestinal trunk and lumbar trunks

all drain into

A

a large, swollen vessel called cisterna chyli

24
Q

Cisterna chyli and trunks from left side of

body drain into which duct?

A

thoracic duct

25
Q

Where does the Thoracic duct, largest lymphatic duct, drains

into

A

into the junction of the left internal jugular and left

subclavian veins

26
Q

Who makes up low-pressure circuit to drive lymph through vessels

A

Lymphatic vessels

27
Q

What prevents lymph from flowing backward

A

Valves

28
Q

Lymph flow through vessels is driven in part by

A

contractions of smooth muscle found in walls of lymph- collecting vessels

29
Q

Why do the Cells of lymphatic capillary walls are not

tightly joined but able to flap open and close

A

To allow macrophages and other immune cells to

enter lymph

30
Q

What are the Lymph nodes

A

clusters of lymphoid organs along pathway of lymphatic vessels

31
Q

What do the Lymph nodes limit

A

spread of pathogens through the body by acting as filters

trap pathogens and prevent them from traveling elsewhere

32
Q

What has an easier time entering lymphatic

capillaries than blood capillaries

A

Pathogens such as bacteria and cancer cells in interstitial fluid

33
Q

What is the predominant tissue type of the lymphatic system

A

lymphoid tissue

loose connective reticular tissue

34
Q

Lymphoid organs house

A

Leukocytes

35
Q

What are the Macrophages

A

mature monoctes

36
Q

What are B and T lymphocytes

A

agranulocytes with diverse immune functions

37
Q

What are Dendritic cells

A

immune cells with spiny processes resembling dendrites of neurons

derived from bone marrow while others originate from connective tissue

38
Q

What are Reticular cells

A

particularly abundant in organs such as spleen and
lymph nodes
produce reticular fibers composed of specialized, thin collagen protein

39
Q

What is the Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

A

loosely organized clusters of lymphoid tissue

40
Q

What does MALT protect

A

1) protects mucous membranes, which are exposed to large number of pathogens

2) oral and nasal cavities scattered throughout gastrointestinal tract, respiratory passages, and, to
limited extent, genitourinary tract

41
Q

Much of MALT in body consists of

A

loosely organized clusters of B and T cells that lack connective tissue capsule

42
Q

Peyer’s patches defends against of

A

any bacteria that have escaped from large intestine

43
Q

Appendix defends against of

A
  • defends body from bacteria in large

intestine

44
Q

What does Epithelium lining tonsils form

A

tonsillar crypts that trap bacteria and debris

1) Pharyngeal tonsils (2)
2) Palatine tonsils (2)
3) Lingual tonsil (1)

45
Q

what are Lymph nodes

A

small, vaguely bean-shaped clusters of
lymphatic tissue located along lymphatic vessels
throughout body

46
Q

Specific clusters of lymph nodes include

A

1) axillary lymph nodes
2) cervical lymph nodes
3) inguinal lymph nodes
4) mesenteric lymph nodes

47
Q

What does Lymph nodes have

A

1) external connective tissue capsule
2) surrounds network of reticular fibers filled with
3) macrophages, lymphocytes, and dendritic cells

48
Q

What are the Interior of node divided into… (2)

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

49
Q

What traps approximately 90% of

pathogens in lymph

A

Lymph nodes and it prevents pathogens from being delivered to blood, where
they could easily spread to other tissues and organs

50
Q

Lymph that has been “cleaned” of pathogens

drains out… where?

A

through efferent lymphatic vessels on other side of node

at hilum

51
Q

What is the Spleen and where is located

A

largest lymphoid organ in body
located on lateral side of left upper quadrant of
abdominopelvic cavity

52
Q

the internal structure of the spleen consists of

A

network of reticular fibers

53
Q

Two distinct histological regions in reticular network

A

1) Red pulp—contains macrophages that destroy old erythrocytes
2) White pulp—filters pathogens from blood and contains
leukocytes and dendritic cells

54
Q

Adult thymus

A

Consists of subunits called thymic lobules (thymic corpuscles
Each lobule contains two regions: outer cortex and inner medulla
-Cortex contains densely packed T cells
-Medulla contains fewer T cells
- Site of destruction of certain populations of T cells that could react to body’s own cells

55
Q

Edema

A

(swelling)—accumulation of excess

interstitial fluid

56
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Occurs when the lymph

nodes swell due to infections.

57
Q

Filariasis

A

An infection of the lymphatic channels by a

worm or parasite.

Bio 260 (9 decks)

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