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Clinical Medicine I > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Define innate immunity

A
  • organs, tissues, & cells of the immune system that you are born with
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2
Q

Define acquired immunity

A
  • immunity that develops during your lifetime
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3
Q

Define active immunity

A
  • develops in response to an infection (natural) or vaccination (artificial)
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4
Q

Define passive immunity

A
  • develops after you receive antibodies from someone (natural through breast milk) or somewhere else (artificial from medicine)
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5
Q

Phases of an immune response

A

1) recognition (immune system recognizes an intruder)
2) amplification
3) effector phase (removal of antigens)
4) termination phase (immune system stands down)
5) memory (generation of long-lived T- & B-lymphocytes)

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6
Q

Characteristics of innate immunity

A
  • 1st line of defense, managing most threats
  • early defense to prevent spread, elimination of pathogens & imitate adaptive immunity
  • includes internal & external defenses
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7
Q

External defense mechanisms

A
  • anatomical/physical barriers (skin, mucus, cilia lining, & coughing/sneezing)
  • chemical/biochemical barriers ( lysosomes, ear wax, stomach acid, & natural floria of organ systems)
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8
Q

Internal defense mechanisms

A
  • soluble factors (cytokines & chemokines)
  • cellular components (phagocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, & natural killer cells)
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9
Q

Describe soluble (inflammatory) mediators

A
  • part of the complement system: biochemical network of more than 30 plasma proteins
  • can coat the microorganisms with markers to allow the white blood cells to target them
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10
Q

Define phagocytes

A
  • are white blood cells/leukocytes
  • involved in nonspecific or innate immunity
  • readily ingesting/killing pathogens
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11
Q

Define granulocytes

A
  • have granular appearance
  • short lifespan of 2-3 days
  • neutrophils are a granulocyte
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12
Q

Define monocytes/macrophages

A
  • have lifespan of months to years
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13
Q

Describe neutrophils

A
  • derive from bone marrow
  • short lived
  • predominate leukocytes in the blood
  • 1st to arrive at site of infection & significantly increase in number during a response
  • attract monocytes
  • dies following phagocytosis = pus
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14
Q

Describe monocytes

A
  • large, long-lived cells
  • originating from bone marrow
  • migrate to tissues following immune response then mature into macrophages (large eaters)
  • clean up debris & kill any remaining damaged or large bacteria
  • rely on cell-surface receptors
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15
Q

What do eosinophils do

A
  • they respond during allergic reactions
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16
Q

What is the importance of basophils & mast cells

A
  • they are important in allergic response
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17
Q

Describe lymphocytes

A
  • circulate in tissues, peripheral blood, & lymphatic system
  • respond to viral infections
  • include natural killer cells, B cells, & T cells
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18
Q

Describe natural killer cells

A
  • large lymphocytes, found in blood stream & spleen
  • kill viruses, intracellular microbe infected cells, & tumor cells
  • function more effectively with helper T cells
  • express activating/inhibitory receptors on surface which target cells
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19
Q

Describe dendritic cells (DCS)

A
  • messenger between innate & adaptive immune system
  • present in cells in contact with external environment, aka the skin (langerhans cell)
20
Q

Characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  • recognizes threat, promotes effective response, destroys threat, & establishes memory
  • initiates after innate immunity & develops over lifetime
  • creates immunological memory of pathogen to enhance future reaction to the same pathogen
21
Q

Define antigen

A
  • any foreign material
  • examples: bacteria, virus, & parasite
22
Q

Describe B cells

A
  • arise & mature from bone marrow
  • fight bacteria & viruses by making Y-shaped proteins (aka antibodies)
  • require support from T cells
23
Q

Describe antibodies

A
  • they are presented to T cells
  • are pathogen specific
  • mark cells for destruction
24
Q

Define plasma B cells

A
  • large cells, produce antibodies in response to a specific antigen attack - effector cell
25
Q

Define memory B cells

A
  • long-lived cell, rapid response to future attacks
26
Q

Describe T cells

A
  • originate in bone marrow, travel to thymus for maturation
  • each has a specific receptor for a specific antigen and can differentiate into several effector T lymphocyte subsets
27
Q

What are the 4 types of T cells and what do the do

A

Helper T cells: activate other immune cells, release cytokines & help B cells produce antibodies, shapes & regulates immune response
Killer T cells: releasing cytotoxic granulates into target cell to kill a specific target antigen
Memory T cells: long-lived, form following an infection, proliferate quickly upon re-exposure
Regulator/Suppressor T cells: shut off the immune response when no longer needed

28
Q

Define humoral immunity

A
  • also considered B cell immunity
  • pathogen located in blood plasma & lymph, free floating & easily accessed
  • bacteria & virus
  • creates specific antibodies & immunoglobulins, B cells differentiate & proliferate into plasma cells & memory B cells
29
Q

Define cell mediated immunity

A
  • also considered T cell immunity
  • pathogen located in cell, destroy microbes in cytoplasm or phagocytic vesicles of infected cells
  • bacteria, virus, protozoa, parasite, or cancer
  • can be harmful to the host, rejection & autoimmune disorders
30
Q

Define primary immune response

A
  • the first time an antigen is introduced to the body
  • 10-17 day lag between initial exposure & an effect from the immune system
31
Q

Define secondary immune response

A
  • subsequent exposure to the same antigen
  • the response is faster (2-7 days) with greater magnitude
  • antibodies in the secondary response have a greater affinity for the antigens
32
Q

Factors that alter the immune system

A
  • age
  • medications
  • nutrition
  • environmental pollution
  • exposure to toxic chemicals
  • trauma
  • burns
  • sleep disturbance/stress
  • presence concurrent illness/disease
  • splenectomy
33
Q

Factors that increase exposure to pathogens

A
  • urinary catheters
  • nasogastric tubes
  • endotracheal tubes
  • chest tubes
  • PICC line
  • external fixation devices
  • implanted prostheses
  • social & sexual practices
34
Q

What is the Wear & Tear Theory

A
  • organs composed of cells that cannot regenerate will eventually “wear out”
35
Q

What is the Genetics theory

A
  • aging is genetically determined
36
Q

What is the Oxidative (free radical) theory

A
  • based on chemical nature & wide presence of free radicals causing DNA damage & cellular oxidative stress
37
Q

What is the Telomere Aging Clock Theory

A
  • telomere act to signal onset of cell senescence
38
Q

Changes to innate immunity due to aging

A
  • exterior defenses are affected by thinning if the skin
  • phagocytes (neutrophils & monocytes/macrophages) show a decrease in function with aging
  • eosinophils accumulate in fewer numbers at sites if infection with age
  • basophils are characterized by reduced degranulation with aging
39
Q

Changes in acquired immunity due to aging

A
  • difficulty mounting protective immune responses to newly encountered antigens due to decreased production of T & B cells
40
Q

Define psychoneuroimmunology

A
  • study of interaction between psychological processes & nervous/immune systems of the body
41
Q

How does stress alter your immune response

A
  • when physically or emotionally stress, your body releases epinephrine & cortisol which increase the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are typically released in response to an infection or injury
42
Q

How can exercise enhance the immune system

A
  • immune system is enhanced during moderate exercise
  • prevents neuroendocrine & detrimental immunologic effects of stress
43
Q

How can exercise suppress the immune system

A
  • with prolonged/intense exercise it suppresses lymphocytes which suppress natural killer cell activity & oxidative modifications of DNA impairment
44
Q

What is important to know about exercise & infection

A
  • exercise during the incubation period of the infection appears either to have no effect or to increase the severity of infection
    -intense exercise in young subjects causes suppression of the immune system but not for aged populations
44
Q

What is important to know about exercise & infection

A
  • exercise during the incubation period of the infection appears either to have no effect or to increase the severity of infection
    -intense exercise in young subjects causes suppression of the immune system but not for aged populations
45
Q

How to determine whether to exercise during a viral/bacterial infection

A
  • if symptoms (sx) are located above the neck, exercise cautiously at half speed & after 10 min if sx alleviate then resume usual exercise
  • if symptoms (sx) are located below the neck, exercise should not be initiated for 7-14 days bc of risk of dehydration, prolonged illness, or more serious complications

Clinical Medicine I (26 decks)

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