Immune System, Cells, and Molecules Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
organs and tissues divided into two groups based on role in cellular development and host defense
A
- primary
- secondary
2
Q
another name for primary
A
- central
- regenerative
3
Q
another name for secondary
A
- peripheral
4
Q
primary composed of
A
- contain developing lymphocytes
- bone marrow, thymus
5
Q
secondary composed of
A
- contain more mature cells active in host defense
- spleen, lymph nodes, MALT
6
Q
MALT
A
- mucosal associated lymphoid tissues
7
Q
MALT includes
A
- tonsils
- adenoid
- appendix
- Peyer’s patches in GI tract
8
Q
bone marrow
A
- site of hematopoiesis
- also site of B cell maturation
9
Q
hematopoiesis
A
- the development of all blood cells from progenitor stem cells
10
Q
what happens as a person ages
A
- most hematopoiesis occurs in flat bones
- sternum
- vertebrae
- ileac
- ribs
11
Q
thymus location
A
- bi-lobed organ in upper anterior thorax
12
Q
thymus each lobe surrounded by
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- capsule
13
Q
thymus lobes divided
A
- into multiple lobules
- by fibrous septa
14
Q
thymus each lobule consists of
A
- outer cortex
- inner medulla
15
Q
how cells enter/leave thymus
A
- enter via blood
- exit via efferent lymphatic vessels or blood
16
Q
thymus drains into
A
- mediastinal lymph nodes
- venous drainage
17
Q
thymus and aging
A
- undergoes physiologic involution with aging
- difficult to locate by puberty
18
Q
thymus function
A
- maturation and selection of T cells
19
Q
spleen location
A
- large, vascular organ located in left upper quadrant of the abdomen
- under the diaphragm
20
Q
spleen blood supply
A
- supplied by a single artery
- dividing into smaller branches/arterioles at the hilum
21
Q
two sections of the spleen
A
- white pulp
- red pulp
22
Q
white pulp
A
- contains lymphocytes
- T cells near arterioles in the periarteriolar sheath
- B cells are more peripheral in B cell ring or corona
23
Q
red pulp
A
- involved with red blood cell breakdown
24
Q
function of spleen
A
- major site of immune responses to pathogen and other foreign substances in the blood
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structure of lymph nodes
- outer fibrous capsule
- multiple afferent lymphatic vessels
- one efferent lymphatic vessel (subcapsular sinus)
- three concentric regions
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concentric regions of lymph nodes
- cortex (B cells)
- paracortex (T cells)
- medulla
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cortex
- has cell aggregates called follicles
- may contain germinal centers
- where B cells are located
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lymph nodes and foreign antigens
- often the first organized lymphoid structure to encounter foreign antigens
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fluid from lymph node
- enriched with antibodies and more lymphocytes
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cervical node location
- head and neck
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cervical node site of drainage
- scalp
- face
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
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axillary node location
- axilla
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axillary node site of drainage
- arm
- chest wall
- breast
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inguinal node location
- groin
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inguinal node site of drainage
- genitalia
- buttock
- anus
- abdominal wall
- leg
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mediastinal node location
- in/near mediastinum
| - central posterior thorax
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mediastinal node site of drainage
- mid-chest
- upper abdomen
- lungs
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mesenteric node location
- lower abdomen
| - near intestine
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mesenteric node site of drainage
- small and large intestine
| - upper rectum
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MALT definition
- aggregates of lymphocytes found throughout mucosal surfaces in body
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mucosal surfaces in body
- gastrointestinal
- respiratory
- urogenital
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MALT divided into
- GALT
- BALT
- NALT
- VALT
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GALT
- Gut associated lymphoid tissue
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GALT includes
- tonsils
- adenoids
- appendix
- Peyer's patches
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BALT
- bronchial/tracheal-assocaited lymphoid tissue
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NALT
- nose-associated lymphoid tissue
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VALT
- vulvovaginal-associated lymphoid tissue
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antibody producing plasma cells in MALT as compared to other tissues
- far exceeds number in the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow combined
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importance of MALT
provide crucial defense against pathogens encountering mucosal surfaces
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lymph system contains
- white blood cells (leukocytes)
- plasma
- no red blood cells (erythrocytes)
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structure of lymph system
- branching system with components in both both superficial and deep tissues
- NOT a circular system
- capillaries (smallest vessels) extend into tissues and eventually have closed ends
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main functions of lymphatic system
- collect/drain excess fluid from surrounding tissues and return it to the vascular system
- absorb fat from the villi of the small intestine
- be a conduit for immune cells to travel through the nodes and back into circulation
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lymphatic drainage initiated by
- interstitial fluid uptake in lymphatic capillaries
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lymphatic drainage flow
- no pump (heart)
- flow by skeletal muscle contraction, arterial pulsation, unidirectional valves that prevent back flow
- smooth muscle in walls of larger vessels
- flow through multiple lymph nodes before entering circulation in the blood
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lymph drainage systems
- 2 separate, asymmetric systems
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right lymphatic duct collects from
- lymph from upper right areas of the body
- right side of head
- heart and lungs
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right lymphatic duct drains into
- right subclavian vein
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rest of body drains into
| that duct drains into
- into thoracic duct
| - then drains into left subclavian vein
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what is in the lymph entering the lymph node
- phagocytic cells and antigens
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initiation of immune response
- processing of foreign antigens
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fluid exiting nodes
- exists with higher number of immune cells and antibodies
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Virchow's node
- node in the left supraclavicular region
| - receives drainage from abdomen
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enlarged node in Virchow's node
- concerning for certain malignancies involving the abdomen or left chest
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definition of lymphedema
- interstitial collection of lymph due to disruption of lymphatic flow
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lymphedema
- usually progressive, can lead to tissue hypertrophy and fibrosis
- swelling, skin changes, pain, restricted range of motion, and non pitting edema
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complications of lymphedema
- skin infections
- malignancy
- reduced quality of life including aspects of emotional, physical, and social well being
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primary lymphedema
- associated with genetic or inherited conditions
| - associated with lymphatic disruption
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secondary lymphedema
- due to underlying disease or a consequence of prior treatment
- mostly due to malignancy or cancer therapy
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secondary lymphedema etiology
- obstruction of lymphatic vessels or nodes (compression by a tumor)
- infiltration of the vessels by tumor cells
- most common in breast cancer
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filariasis due to
- infection by the nematode Wuchereria boncrofti
| - infection transmitted by mosquitos
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standard method for diagnosing active filariasis
- blood draw at night when they are in peripheral blood
| - serological enzyme alternate testing as well
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main goal of treatment of filariasis
- to kill the worm
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treatment for filariasis
- dethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC)
| - microfilaricidal and active against adult worm
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do we use DEC for lymphedema and elephantiasis
- no
| - most people with lymphedema are not actively infected with the filarial parasite
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lymphangitis
- inflammation or infection of the lymph vessels
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lymphangitis site of infection
- site of infection distal to affected vessels
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lymphangitis pathogen
- strep pyogenes
| - Strep A
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chylothorax
- accumulation of lymph in thorax
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chylothorax due to
- severing thoracic duct during surgery
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lymphadenopathy
- enlargement (<1 cm) of one or more lymph nodes
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localized lymphadenopathy
- when present in only 1 body area
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generalized lymphadenopathy
- when present in more than 2 body areas
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lymphadenitis
- lymphadenopathy with pain and/or signs of inflammation
| - usually associated with active infection
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lymphoma
- malignancy of varied cells of the immune system
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first line of defense against microorganisms
- intact skin and mucous membranes
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second line of defense
- innate (natural) arm of immune system
| - from 0-12 hours
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highly specific protection provided by
- adaptive (acquired) immune system
- takes several days to become fully functional
- 1-7 days
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two components of the adaptive arm
- cell mediated immunity
| - antibody mediated (humoral) immunity
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innate response uses
- epithelial barriers
- phagocytic cells
- cells that release inflammatory mediators
- natural killer cells
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phagocytic cells
- neutrophils
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
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cells that release inflammatory mediators
- basophils
- mast cells
- eosinophils
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adaptive responses involve
- proliferation of antigen-specific B-and T-cells
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when does the adaptive response occur
- when the surface receptor of these cells binds to an antigen
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antigen-presenting cells
- display the antigen to lymphocytes
| - collaborate with them in the response to the antigen
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innate response immune cells
- neutrophil
- monocyte/macrophage
- eosinophil
- basophil
- natural killer
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neutrophil type
- WBC granulocyte
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neutrophil function
- engulf bacteria and fungi
| - oxidative burst
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monocyte/macrophage type
- WBC Mononuclear
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monocyte/macrophage function
- engulf bacteria, fungi, and cellular debris
- produce cytokines
- antigen processing
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eosinophil type
- WBC granulocyte
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eosinophil function
- allergic response
| - parasitic infection
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basophil type
- WBC granulocyte
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basophil response
- hypersensitivity
| - release histamine
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mast cell type
- bone marrow derived cell
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mast cell function
- granules contain vasoactive amines like histamines
| - proteases kill bacteria
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natural killer cell type
- WBC lymphocyte
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natural killer cell function
- recognizes stressed or infected cells and kills them by secreting macrophage-activating cytokine interferon gamma
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adaptive response immune cells
- B cell
| - T cell
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B cells
- plasma cell
| - memory cell
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B cell type
- WBC Lymphocyte
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B cell function
- specific recognition of antigens as mediator of HUMORAL immunity
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T cells
- helper
- cytotoxic
- regulatory
- memory
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T cell type
- WBC lymphocyte
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T cell function
- specific recognition of antigens as mediator of CELL-MEDIATED immunity
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B lymphocyte
- neutralization of microbe
- phagocytosis
- complement activation
116
Helper T lymphocyte
- activation of macrophages
- inflammation
- activation (proliferation and differentiation) of T and B lymphocytes
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cytotoxic T lymphocyte
- killing of infected cell
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regulatory T lymphocyte
- suppression of immune response
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natural killer cell
- killing of infected cell
120
antigen presenting cells
- macrophage
- dendritic
- follicular dendritic
121
origin of macrophage
- bone marrow derived
122
functions of macrophage
- phagocytosis
- antigen presentation
- effector phase of CMI
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locations of macrophage
- lymph nodes
- immune tissues
- immune organs
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dendritic origin
- bone marrow derived
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dendritic functions
- phagocytosis
- antigen presentation
- initiation of T-cell responses
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dendritic locations
- lymph nodes
- immune tissues
- immune organs
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follicular dendritic origin
- mesenchymal derived
128
follicular dendritic functions
- antigen presentation
| - display of antigen to B cells in humoral immune response
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follicular dendritic location
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- MALT
130
cytokines
- group of proteins produced and secrets by immune and non-immune cells
- act as intercellular mediators to alter biological response
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autocrine
- cytokine acts on same cell that secretes it
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paracrine
- acts on adjacent or nearby cell
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endocrine
- acts at a distance to stimulate cells
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autocrine cytokine example
- IL-2 produced by T cells
| - aids in stimulation and proliferation of same cell
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paracrine cytokine example
- A T cell engages a macrophage and secretes interferon gamma to activate the macrophage
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endocrine cytokine example
- GM-CSF can be made by T cells at a site of infection
| - if made in sufficient quantities it affects granulocyte production in bone marrow
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cytokine receptors
- homodimers or heterodimers
| - become phosphorylated and activate signaling molecules
138
JAK-STAT signaling pathway
- major pathway involved in immune regulation
- cytokine interacts with cytokine receptor, activates signaling molecule JAK, JAK activates other molecules such as STAT
- STAT is a transcription factor that moves into the nucleus, binds promoters, and induces gene transcription
- new proteins stimulate target cell action/function
139
JAK
- Janis Kinase
140
STAT
- Signal transducer and activator of transcription
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Top pro inflammatory cytokines
- TNF-alpha
- IL-1
- IL-6
142
chemokines
- small chemo-attractant molecules that cause cells to migrate toward a concentration gradient of the membrane
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what expresses chemokine receptors?
- the target
| - responding cells
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what does activation of the target receptor do?
- signals cytoskeleton rearrangement
| - cell moves to areas with highest chemokine concentration
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categories of chemokines based on
- position or arrangement of cysteine amino acids
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4 caregories of chemokines
- CC
- CXC
- single C
- CXXXC
X is any other amino acid
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CXCL8
- Important for recruitment of neutrophils
| - CLEAN UP ON AISLE 8
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CXCL2
- recruits naive T cells
| - 2 TYPES OF 2 CELLS
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CCL2
- helps activate and recruit macrophages
CCL2 HAS 3 LETTER
MAC IS SHORT FOR MACROPHAGE WHICH ALSO HAS 3 LETTERS
150
protease inhibitors
- enzymes that cleave proteins and breakdown inhibitors
151
alpha 2 macroglobulin
- helps prevent the dissemination of pathogens
152
defensins
- can penetrate microbial membranes
| - destroy bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses
