Innate Immunity Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
innate immune system consists of
A
- all the immune defense that lack immunologic memory
2
Q
characteristic of innate responses
A
- they remain unchanged however often the antigen is encountered
3
Q
presence of innate immunity
A
- always working and present in healthy people
4
Q
how do phagocytic cells identify pathogens
A
- recognition of PAMPS and DAMPs
5
Q
PAMPS stands for
A
- pathogen associated molecular patterns
6
Q
DAMPS stands for
A
- damaged/necrotic self
- damage-associated molecular patterns
7
Q
coagulase negative staph on the skin
A
- produce an antimicrobial peptide that can inhibit growth of Staphyloccous aureus
8
Q
how does innate immunity distinguish between foreign and self?
A
- responds to motifs that are characteristic of microbes but not of mammalian cells
- gram negative LPS
- viral double stranded RNA
9
Q
dendritic cell type
A
- bone marrow derived cell
10
Q
dendritic cell function
A
- phagocytosis
- initiation of T-cell responses
11
Q
another name for neutrophil
A
- polymorphonuclear leukocyte
- PMN
12
Q
where do PMNs develop
A
- the bone marrow
13
Q
function of PMN
A
- phagocytic cells
14
Q
PMN characteristics
A
- phagolysosome
- respiratory burst
15
Q
PMN phagolysosome
A
- engulf substances in vesicles called a phagolysosome where the microbe is killed and degraded
16
Q
PMN respiratory burst
A
- potent respiratory burst of reactive oxygen species to kill engulfed bacteria
17
Q
life time of PMN
A
- less than 2 days
18
Q
macrophages are derived from
A
- monocytes
- when they migrate into tissue spaces, they differentiate
19
Q
macrophages characteristics
A
- phagocytic
- create phagolyososome
20
Q
macrophage function
A
- serve to kill and degrade antigens
- also present peptides from those antigens
- professional antigen presenting cell (APC)
21
Q
dendritic cells important in
A
- immunosurveillance
22
Q
dendritic cells function
A
- present antigen to T cels
23
Q
how to dendritic cels pick up antigen
A
- through endocytosis
- less phagocytic than neutrophils and macrophages
24
Q
follicular dendritic cells location
A
- specialized stroll cells in lymph nodes and spleen
25
follicular dendritic cells function
- trapping antigen
| - presenting antigen to B cells
26
natural killer cells origin
- arise and mature in bone marrow
27
natural killer cells contain
- granzyme
- perforin
- cell surface receptors for IgG
28
function of natural killer cells
- destroy virally infected and malignant cells
29
innate immune responses mediated by
- proteins that recognize and interact with components specific to microbes
- pattern recognition receptors
30
PAMPS
- microbial molecules that stimulate innate immunity
31
two groups of pattern recognition receptors
three groups
- secreted and circulating proteins and peptides
- transmembrane and intracellular signal-transducing receptors
- extracellular
- cytosolic
- endosomal
32
what does the innate immune system recognize
- structures that are shared by various classes of microbes
| - not present on normal host cells
33
what components of immunity recognize
- bacterial endotoxin or LPS
- terminal mannose residues of bacterial glycoproteins
- dsRNA in viruses
- unmethylated CG rich oligonucleotides in microbial DNA
34
TLRs located on cell surfaces are specific for
- microbial proteins
- lipids
- polysacchardies
35
TLRs that recognize nucleic acids are located where
- endosomes
| - where microbes are engulfed
36
what does TLR-2 recognize
- several bacterial and parasitic glycolipids and peptidoglycans
37
what do TLR-3,-7, and -8 recognize
- viral ss and ds RNA
- TLR-7 and -8 ss RNA
- TLR-3 ds RNA
38
what is TLR-4 specific for
- bacterial LPS
| - endotoxin
39
what is TLR-5 specific for
- bacterial flagellar protein
| - flagellin
40
what does TLR-9 recognize
- unmethylated CpG DNA
| - abundant in microbial genomes
41
why have microbes not adapted to avoid motifs recognized by innate immunity
- innate immunity targets motifs that are indispensable to the microbes
42
primary reactions of the immune system
- acute inflammation
| - antiviral defense
43
acute inflammation
- recruitment and activation of leukocytes and plasma proteins at sites of infection or tissue injury
44
innate immune defense against intracellular viruses mediated mainly by
- interferon system
45
components of interferon system
- type I
| - type II
46
type I interferons
- alpha
| - beta
47
type II interferons
- gamma
48
what detects a virus attack
- pattern recognition receptors on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and macrophages
49
what warning proteins are released
- interferon alpha and beta
50
what TLRs do innate immunity cells use to detect viral RNA and DNA
- TLR 7 and TLR 9
51
function of natural killer cells
- deliver suicide enzymes to target self destruction
52
macrophage with phagocytosed microbes
- secretes IL-12 to recruit NK
- pokes holes in cells through perforin
- secretes IFN gamma which helps macrophage kill
- IFN gamma just makes macrophages much better at killing things
53
what accompanies inflammation and tissue injury
- increase in concentration of plasma proteins
| - referred to as acute phase reactants
54
what contributes to host defense and other adaptive capabilities
- usually level of various proteins maintained by homeostatic mechanisms change substantially
55
IL-6
- chief stimulator of production of most acute phase proteins
56
other implicated cytokines
- influence subgroups of acute phase proteins
57
conditions that commonly lead to substantial changes in plasma concentrations of acute phase proteins
- infection
- trauma
- surgery
- burns
- tissue infarction
- various immunologically mediated inflammatory conditions
- advanced cancer
58
acute phase protein definition
- one whose plasma concentration increases or decreasing by at least 25 percent during inflammatory disorders
59
positive acute phase proteins
- concentration increases
60
negative acute phase proteins
- concentration decreases
61
what produces acute phase proteins
- hepatocytes
62
function of c reactive protein
- promotes recognition and elimination of pathogens
| - enhances clearance of necrotic and apoptotic cells
63
pro inflammatory effects of CRP
- activation of complement system
| - induction in monocytes of inflammatory cytokines
64
serum amyloid A proteins function
- influence cholesterol metabolism during inflammatory states
65
pro-inflammatory roles on complement components
- chemotaxis
- plasma protein exudation at sites of inflammation
- opsonization of infectious agent and damaged cells
66
haptoglobin and hemopexin
- antioxidants
67
haptoglobin function
- removes iron-containing cell-free hemoglobin from circulation
68
hemopexin function
- removes iron-containing cell free heme from the circulation
69
hepcidin function
- decrease serum iron
- reduces intestinal iron absorption
- impairs release of iron from macrophages
70
fibrinogen function
- influences wound healing
| - causes endothelial cell adhesion, spreading, and proliferation
71
clinical use of serum acute phase reactant proteins
- abnormalities reflect presence and intensity of an inflammatory process
72
limits of APR measurement
- cannot distinguish infection from other causes of acute and chronic inflammation
73
a person lacking innate immune response
- shows uncontrolled infection
74
a person lacking adaptive immune response
- shows initial containment but not effectively cleared from the body
