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DHBS 365 > Immune System Gone Wrong: Part 2 > Flashcards

Immune System Gone Wrong: Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Type II hypersensitivity

A

Cytotoxic hypersensitivity

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2
Q

What are the three pathways of Type II hypersensitivity?

A
  • Activation of the complement system
  • Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • Antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction
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3
Q

What antibodies mediates the activation of the complement system?

A

IgG or IgM

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4
Q

How is the complement system activated?

A

IgG or IgM antibodies bind to the antigen

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5
Q

What is Membrane Attack Complex?

A

Pokes holds and allows water influx into the red blood cell, causes lysis

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6
Q

What is hemolytic transfusion reactions and what do they involve?

A
  • Type II hypersensitivity reaction
  • Involves activation of complement system
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7
Q

When might hemolytic transfusion reactions occur?

A

Incompatible RBCs or incompatible plasma are transfused

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8
Q

What does hemolytic transfusion reactions lead to?

A

Intravascular hemolysis via MAC complex

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9
Q

What antibodies mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity?

A

IgG or IgM

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10
Q

What do IgG or IgM antibodies bind during antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity?

A

Bind target cells and cytotoxic T cells or NK cells

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11
Q

During antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, what do cytotoxic T cells and NK cells release? What does it cause?

A
  • Performs and granzymes
  • Apoptosis
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12
Q

Which of the three pathways of Type II hypersensitivity is non-cytotoxic?

A

Antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction

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13
Q

What two diseases are examples of antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction?

A
  • Grave’s Disease
  • Myasthenia Gravis
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14
Q

What happens during antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction?

A

Antibody binds to receptors and alters it’s activity

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15
Q

What antibodies are involved in Type III hypersensitivity?

A

IgG and IgM

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16
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is specifically in the vessel walls and/or tissues?

A

Type III

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17
Q

How does Type III hypersensitivity work?

A

When IgG or IgM bound antigens are in tissues, complement and neutrophils are activated

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18
Q

In Type III hypersensitivity, what do complements and neutrophils cause?

A

Inflammation, increased tissue permeability, tissue damage

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19
Q

Is Type III hypersensitivity local or systemic?

A

Can be both

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20
Q

Is local or systemic Type III hypersensitivity rare in humans?

A

Localized Type III

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21
Q

What is localized Type III hypersensitivity?

A

Damage is limited to area where immune complexes are first deposited

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22
Q

What is systemic Type III hypersensitivity?

A

Multiple sites in the body are damaged

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23
Q

What is serum sickness?

A

Immune system reacts to medicines that contain proteins to treat immune conditions, attacks it

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24
Q

What type of medication is specifically related to serum sickness?

A

Antivenoms

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25
What hypersensitivity is serum sickness related to?
Type III
26
What is Type IV hypersensitivity mediated by?
- Helper T cells - Cytotoxic T cells
27
When does Type IV hypersensitivity responses occur?
1-3 days after exposure
28
What do the helper T cells do during Type IV hypersensitivity?
Release cytokines that recruit macrophages and neutrophils, damage host tissue
29
What do the cytotoxic T cells do during Type IV hypersensitivity?
Damage host tissues with granzymes
30
What are two examples of Type IV hypersensitivity?
- Contact hypersensitivity - TB test
31
A poison ivy reaction is what type of hypersensitivity?
Type IV
32
What is the sensitization stage of contact hypersensitivity (Type IV) of poison ivy?
Cytotoxic T cells are sensitived
33
What is the effector stage of contact hypersensitivity (Type IV) of poison ivy?
Cytotoxic mechanisms of effector T cells cause host cellular destruction
34
What is injected into a patient during a TB test?
Purified tuberculin protein
35
Is a TB test immediate or delayed?
Delayed, takes a few days to get the memory cells to come to the site
36
A negative TB test means...
There is no swelling and no prior exposure
37
What is the sensitization stage for Type I hypersensitivity?
Mast cells and basophils become sensitized to the allergen, produces IgE
38
What is the sensitization stage for Type II hypersensitivity?
- Production of antibodies to recognize substances - IgG and IgM
39
What is the sensitization stage for Type III hypersensitivity?
- Presence of antibodies against the offending antigen in the serum of affected individuals - IgG or IgM
40
What is the sensitization stage for Type IV hypersensitivity?
T cells are sensitized and memory T cells are produced 7-10 days later
41
Autoimmune diseases have what kind of T cell response?
TH1
42
What is an autoimmune disease the result of?
When mechanisms meant to preserve tolerance of self breakdown and cause disease
43
What are the three conditions for autoimmunity to occur?
- MHC molecules determine susceptibility to autoimmune diseae - Lymphocyte receptors recognize a particular self antigen - Environmental factors (bacterial or viral infection)
44
What is molecular mimicry?
- Structural similarity between foreign and self molecules - Can induce autoimmunity
45
There must be what in the same tissues that express the self-antigen?
An inflammatory reaction
46
What are the two groups of autoimmune diseases?
- Organ specific - Systemic disease
47
Is Type I diabetes organ-specific or systemic?
Organ specific
48
What does Type I diabetes target?
Insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas
49
What are the noticeable symptoms of plaque psoriasis?
Thickening and scaling of skin's surface
50
What causes plaque psoriasis?
CD8 T cells that produce high levels of IL-17
51
How does molecular mimicry play a role in plaque psoriasis?
MHC molecules recognize both a particular keratin protein and a protein made by streptococcal bacteria
52
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
Chronic inflammation of the joints
53
What antibodies are abundant in the joints in rheumatoid arthritis?
IgM antibodies that can bind tot he Fc regions of IgG
54
What happens in rheumatoid arthritis when IgM and IgG bind together in the joints?
Forms antibody complex, activates macrophages that have entered the joints, increases inflammation
55
What is celiac disease?
Intestinal immune system mounts strong inflammatory response which damages the villi of the intestinal epithelium
56
What do villi do?
Absorption of nutrients in intestine
57
Is celiac disease caused by molecular mimicry?
No
58
What type of inflammatory response is activated in celiac disease?
TH1
59
What are the symptoms of lupus erythematosus?
- Red rash on forehead and cheeks - Inflammation of lungs, arthritis, kidney damage, hair loss, paralysis, convulsions
60
What is lupus erythematosus caused by?
Breakdown in B and T cell tolerance and causes diverse collection of IgG antibodies that recognize self antigens
61
Is there a specific microbial infection associated with lupus erythematosus?
No
62
Type I autoimmune diseases?
- Anaphylaxis - Bronchial asthma - Allergic rhinitis - Food allergies
63
Type II autoimmune diseases?
- Rheumatic fever - Myasthenia gravis - Grave's disease - Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions
64
Type III autoimmune diseases?
- Serum sickness - SLE - Rheumatoid arthritis
65
Type IV autoimmune diseases?
- Plaque psoriasis - Poison ivy contact dermatitis - TB test - Type I diabetes
66
Can rheumatoid arthritis be in the TMJ?
Yes
67
What is Sjogren's syndrome?
Erythematous oral mucus, enlarged salivary glands, difficulty swallowing, altered taste
68
What is a fissured tongue?
Atrophy of papillae

DHBS 365 (10 decks)

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