Immune System - Part 2 (week 7)

Question 1

state 3 facts about the innate immune system

Answer 1

1. first line of defence
2. responds in the same way to all pathogens
3. fast acting (0-3 days)

Question 2

state 4 facts about the adaptive immune system

Answer 2

1. second line of defence
2. specific response to specific pathogens
3. slow acting (0-23 days)
4. self + non-self recognised

Question 3

state the names of the two types of immunity

Answer 3

1. soluble immunity (chemical)

2. cellular immunity

Question 4

state the names of the 4 lines of defence in the innate immune system

Answer 4

1. structural/physical barriers
2. chemical/physiological barriers
3. phagocytic barriers
4. inflammatory barriers

Question 5

state some examples of structural/physical barriers

Answer 5

skin, mucosal membranes, cilia epithelial cells

Question 6

state some examples of chemical/physiological barriers

Answer 6

pH of skin, pH of stomach acid, normal body temp (37.4’c), fever response (inc^ temp)

Question 7

explain how ‘phagocytic barriers’ work - in simple terms

Answer 7

phagocytes recognise specific patterns, have a ‘Pattern Recognition Receptor’ on their CSM that can recognise ‘Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns’ (PAMPs) on pathogen’s CSM

Question 8

state some examples of inflammatory barriers

Answer 8

C-RP, INF-y, TNF-α

Question 9

all blood cells stem from what type of cell?

Answer 9

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

Question 10

hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) divide to form what two types of cells?

Answer 10

1. common lymphoid progenitor cell (CLP) - left

2. common myeloid progenitor cell (CMP) - right

Question 11

common myelinated progenitor cells divide to form what two types of cells?

Answer 11

1. granulite macrophage progenitor cell (GMP) - left

2. megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cell (MEP) - right

Question 12

are granulite macrophage cells (GMP), and their derivatives, part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

Answer 12

innate

Question 13

granulite macrophage cells (GMP) divide into what two cell groups?

Answer 13

1. granulocytes (innate)

2. macrophages (innate)

Question 14

state the three types of granulocytes

Answer 14

1. neutrophils (innate)
2. eosinophils (innate)
3. basophils (innate)

Question 15

megakaryocyte erythroid progenitor cells (MEP) divide to form what two cell types?

Answer 15

1. platelets

2. erythrocytes

Question 16

what cell type bridges the gap between the right and left side of the immune cell diagram

Answer 16

dendritic cells (innate)

Question 17

common lymphoid progenitor cells (CLP) divide to form what type of cells

Answer 17

lymphocytes

Question 18

state the names of the three types of lymphocytes, and which immune system they are part of

Answer 18

B cells (adaptive)
T cells (adaptive)
NK cells (innate)

Question 19

state what it is meant by - CD (eg - CD4 cells)

Answer 19

CD = cluster of differentiation

Question 20

state what it is meant by - BCR

Answer 20

BCR = B cell receptor. it can recognise soluble antigens

Question 21

state what it is meant by - TCR

Answer 21

TCR = T cell receptor. it does NOT recognise soluble antigens

Question 22

what does FC stand for?

Answer 22

fragment crystallizable region

Question 23

what is the function of an FC receptor?

Answer 23

FC receptors can recognise the FC region of an antibody

Question 24

what cells in the immune system have FC receptors?

Answer 24

NK cells

Macrophages

Question 25

what do all body cells express on their CSM?

Answer 25

major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHC-1)

Question 26

what do cancer cells do to MHC-1?

Answer 26

cancer cells down regulate MHC-1

Question 27

how do NK cells respond to cancer cells? (2 points)

Answer 27

1. know how many MHC-1 molecules should be on a normal body cells CSM 2. kill them by releasing toxins

Question 28

state the names of the two toxins NK cells usually release

Answer 28

1. Perforin - punches holes in CSM | 2. granzymes - proteases that digest cell contents

Question 29

state the effect of the toxin - Perforin

Answer 29

Perforin punches holes in the CSM of cells

Question 30

state the function of the toxin - Granzymes

Answer 30

Granzymes are proteases which digest the contents of cells

Question 31

state what it is meant by the key term - lymphocytopenia

Answer 31

condition of having an abnormally low level of lymphocytes in the blood

Question 32

what do lymphocytes express on their CSM?

Answer 32

beta-2 adrenergic receptors

Question 33

what are the two effects of lymphocytes expressing beta-2 adrenergic receptors on their CSM

Answer 33

1. cause them to mobilise into the blood | 2. cause them to down regulate adhesion molecules to vessel walls (in some cases)

Question 34

state what it is meant by the key term - leukocytosis

Answer 34

white blood cell count is above the normal range in the blood. It is sign of an inflammatory response, most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumors as well as leukemia

Question 35

state what it is meant by the key term - lymphocytosis

Answer 35

Lymphocytosis is a higher-than-normal amount of lymphocytes in the blood

Question 36

what is it meant by sIgA

Answer 36

secretory IgA

Question 37

state the '3 pillars' of exercise immunology

Answer 37

1. people think they become unwell post-exercise but few actually are 2. blood samples show rise in conc^ in blood post exercise, then lower than normal levels, then return to normal conc^ 3. sIgA is low following bouts of exercise (flawed experiments, ignore key variables)

Question 38

why do people usually become ill after exercise?

Answer 38

being in large groups (especially respiratory droplets)

Question 39

explain the marathon study on exercise immunology (4 points)

Answer 39

1. recruited racers + drop outs due to injury for control 2. control lived in same house as participants 3. 1/3 claimed illness post, lab confirmed 1/3 of the 1/3 4. few control fell ill