Immunity and vaccine

Question 1

immune system

Answer 1

• WBC
• spleen
• thymus
• bone marrow
• antibodies
• lymphatic system

Question 2

hematopoietic cell divides into…

Answer 2

1. lymphoid progenitor (makes our CD4 and CD8 cells)
2. myeloid progenitor (makes our WBC and platlets)

Question 3

Steps of humoral immunity are

Answer 3

1. antigen binds to antibody on B cell
2. B cell eats antigen and puts it w/ MHC II proteins
3. Help T cell binds to MHC II protein and releases cytokines
4. B cell divides into memory and plasma cells
5. plasma secretes antibodies that bind to antigen and destroy

Question 4

Steps of cell- mediated immunity are

Answer 4

1. Infected cell has antigen on surface
2. T cell receptors bind to antigen
3. releases cytokines
4. cytokines allow activation of cytotoxic T cells
5. cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cell

Question 5

What type of bacteria does humoral immunity target

Answer 5

• targets invaders outside of the cell
• virus, fungi, bacteria, and toxins

Question 6

What type of bacteria does the cell mediated immunity target

Answer 6

• targets defective body cells
• infected and cancer cells

Question 7

Natural immunity definition

Answer 7

• 1st line of defense
• fights everything
• Skin and mucous membranes protect our organs
• ex. phagocytes and NK cells seek and destroy

Question 8

Acquired immunity definition

Answer 8

• 2nd line of defense after exposure
• specialized cells/specific to antigen
• recognize invaders
• immune response

Question 9

Humoral response

Answer 9

• activates B cell lymphocytes and divides into
  1. memory cells
  2. plasma cells that secrete antibodies

Question 10

What are cytokines

Answer 10

• chemical messengers
• can be reproduced as biologic response modifiers (BMR)
• modify bodys immune response to disease

Question 11

What do cytotoxic T cells (CD8) do

Answer 11

kill infected/cancerous cells

Question 12

What to helper T cells (CD4) do

Answer 12

activate other immune cells (macrophages)

Question 13

What do vaccines do

Answer 13

prevent illnesses

Question 14

Interventions of vaccines

Answer 14

1. compliance
2. vaccine info sheet (VIS)
3. educate pt

Question 15

education of vaccine

Answer 15

1. vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS)
   - app to report adverse effects
2. vaccine preventable disease (VPD)
   - outbreak tracking (measles, covid)

Question 16

Common minor reactions of vaccines

Answer 16

• discomfort
• swelling

Question 17

Common major reaction of vaccines

Answer 17

• anaphylaxis
• encephalopathy
• paralysis

Question 18

contradictions of vaccines

Answer 18

• immunocompromised (LIVE vaccines)
• mod/severe illness
• hx of anaphylaxis

Question 19

What does epinephrine do

Answer 19

• helps reverse effects
• reverse bronchoconstriction
• simple Ortho mimetic

Question 20

Live vaccine (weakened)

Answer 20

• danger w/ immunocompromised
• ex. MMR, chicken pox

Question 21

Killed vaccine

Answer 21

• part/piece of microorganism
• ex. whooping cough, Hep A, rabies

Question 22

Toxoid vaccine

Answer 22

• contains bacteria toxins that have been chemically modified
• dont kill, go after bacteria that secretes toxins
• ex. tetanus, mRNA

Question 23

Recombinant technology vaccine

Answer 23

• made in lab using biotech
• ex. covid

Question 24

mRNA vaccines

Answer 24

• teaches your cell how to make copies of spike protein
• when exposed to real virus your body will recognize it and knows how to fight it off

Question 25

Schedule and titers

Answer 25

- measures antibody levels in body - if not in therapeutic level you need a booster

Question 26

Booster vaccines

Answer 26

- administration months/years after first vaccine - stimulates immune system to maintain enough memory cells to have rapid response to antigen

Question 27

Active immunity

Answer 27

- exposure/administration to antigen that stimulates body to produce antibodies and memory cells

Question 28

Active natural immunity

Answer 28

- exposed to illness (flu) and body builds up antibodies

Question 29

active artificial immunity

Answer 29

- vaccine that exposes you to virus

Question 30

passive immunity

Answer 30

- administration of antibodies which is a fast onset but only lasts 3-6 months

Question 31

passive natural immunity

Answer 31

- antibodies through breastfeeding or placenta

Question 32

passive artificial immunity

Answer 32

- infusion (IV) of antibodies

Question 33

Immunosuppression and organ transplant

Answer 33

- blocks immune response - prevents rejection w/ organ transplant - treats severe inflammatory disorders

Question 34

Medications for immunosuppression and organ transplant

Answer 34

- calcium inhibitors - corticosteroids - cytotoxic drugs

Question 35

immune disorders interventions

Answer 35

- monitor for infection - prophylactic therapy w/ anti-infectives : decreases the risk of infection - assess therapeutic levels - monitor CBC, platelets, electrolytes, glucose, liver, kidney function - monitor vitals - NO GRAPEFRUIT - inspect oral mucous membranes