Infection

Question 1

Antimicrobial therapy

Answer 1

• uses selectivity to kill or control microbes

Question 2

how does antimicrobial therapy work

Answer 2

1. destroys bacteria wall
2. blocks enzyme conversion for growth
3. impair protein synthesis in bacteria causing death

Question 3

Superinfections

Answer 3

• taking antibiotics when you don’t need it creates superbugs
• can lead to staph, mRNA, VRE, CAUTI

Question 4

antimicrobial resistance

Answer 4

• when microorganisms mutate and no longer respond to medicine

Question 5

types of antimicrobials

Answer 5

1. antibiotics
2. antivirals
3. antifungals
4. antiparasitic

Question 6

Types of lab testing

Answer 6

1. gram stain: add crystal violet to look at cell wall
   - lets us know if bacteria can target cell
2. culture of fluid

• sensitivity of pathogen to antimicrobial
  (we want higher sensitivity: higher chance of killing off bacteria)

Question 7

Host factors

Answer 7

1. immune system
2. site of infection
3. age of pt
4. pregnancy

Question 8

Classification of antibiotics

Answer 8

1. MOA
   - bacteriostatic
   - bactericidal
2. Spectrum of action
   - broad
   - narrow

Question 9

Bacteriostatic

Answer 9

slows down growth of bacteria

Question 10

Bactericidal

Answer 10

kills cells

Question 11

Broad

Answer 11

treats wide variety of infections

Question 12

Narrow

Answer 12

treats small/specific variety of infections

Question 13

Recognizing and analyzing cues

Answer 13

1. sign of infection?
2. labs or tests?
3. cultures?

Question 14

considerations for infections

Answer 14

• pregnancy
• age
• weight
• mental status
• site of infection
• allergies
• drug interactions

Question 15

general symptoms of infection

Answer 15

• fever
• chills
• fatigue

Question 16

localized symptoms of infection

Answer 16

• swelling
• pain
• organ dysfunction
• redness

Question 17

pt education of infection

Answer 17

• prevent spread of infection
• complete ALL antibiotics
• notify if you have adverse effects
• increase fluids
• report fever >100.5 for 3 days
• dont share and dont double up dose

Question 18

why do you have antibiotics around the clock

Answer 18

to keep in therapeutic range

Question 19

therapeutic drug monitoring

Answer 19

draw trough and peak levels right before next dose

Question 20

bactericidal antibiotics and classification

Answer 20

• penicillin
• cephalosporins
• carbapenems
• vancomycin
• antibiotic w/ beta lactam ring

Question 21

vancomycin flushing syndrome

Answer 21

• from infusing too fast
• causes histamine release (give Benadryl)

Question 22

signs and symptoms of flushing syndrome

Answer 22

• red swelling, facial rash
• erythematous
• skin discoloration
• decrease BP
• increase HR
• angioedema

Question 23

bacteriostatic medications and classification

Answer 23

• antibiotic that slows down bacteria growth
• tetracyclines
• macrolides
• aminoglycosides

Question 24

tuberculosis

Answer 24

contagious infection from mycobacterium tb

Question 25

how does tuberculosis work

Answer 25

1. invades lungs and can travel to other systems 2. activates immune defense and isolates pathogens 3. tubercles - build walls around cavities and protects them from treatment

Question 26

tuberculosis questions for pt

Answer 26

- have you traveled out of the country? - have you had night sweats the past 2 nights? - have you been coughing up blood?

Question 27

high risk pt for TB

Answer 27

- homeless - jail - nursing home pt

Question 28

antifungal agents

Answer 28

- fungi - most infectious are from candida albicans - grows slowly

Question 29

antiviral agents

Answer 29

- virus causes disease by using host enzymes and cellular structures to replicate

Question 30

treatment for viruses

Answer 30

1. vaccines 2. active infections w/ antivirals 3. prophylaxis to boost immune response

Question 31

antiretrovirals

Answer 31

1. HIV: human immunodeficiency virus - attaches to CD4 receptors on T4 helper lymphocytes - virus uses reverse transcriptase to convert RNA to DNA

Question 32

HAART

Answer 32

1. Highly active antiretroviral therapy - uses 3/4 commination meds to decrease drug resistance, adverse effects and dosages - treatment for life - overall goal is to decrease plasma HIV RNA to lowest possible level

Question 33

PrEP

Answer 33

1. preexposure prophylaxis - for people at high risk of HIV - treatment for 28 days - occupational exposure - nonoccupational exposure

Question 34

about PrEP

Answer 34

- one time exposures carries small risk for infection - initiate as soon as possible after exposure (within 1-2hrs, no later than 72 hrs) - testing for antibodies @ 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and 6 months