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MLS Classes > Immuno U1 > Flashcards

Immuno U1 Flashcards

1
Q

Antigens

A

Foreign substances that induce the host reponse

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2
Q

Immunity

A

Having resistance towards an infection

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3
Q

Attenuation

A

Making a pathogen less virulent

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4
Q

Innate immunity

A

The first response to something foreign, no prior exposure, no memory cells

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

The next responses (after innate), prior exposure needed, memory cells available

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6
Q

Neutrophils

A

Destroy foreign particles

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7
Q

Eosinophils

A

Kill parasites, phagocytose, releases cytokines

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8
Q

Basophils

A

Releases histamine for allergic reactions

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9
Q

Monocytes

A

Eats foreign material and removes dead cells

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10
Q

Macrophages

A

Innate - phagocytise and kills microbes
Adaptive - brings antigens to T cells and makes cytokines

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11
Q

Tissue cells

A

Kills microbes, eradicated intracellular parasites, secrete cell mediators

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12
Q

Mast cells

A

Enhance and suppress the adaptive response - in tissues

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13
Q

Innate lymphoid cells

A

CD16 and CD56
Kills virus cells and tumor cells
Helps with tissue remodeling

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14
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Most potent phagocytic cell and an effective APC

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15
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B, T, NK cells

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16
Q

B cells

A

Antibody production
CD19, CD20, CD21
matures in BM
Differentiates into plasma cells which secrete antibodies

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17
Q

T cells

A

CD3
mature in thymus

Helper T - CD4, make cytokines for antibody production
T reg - CD4, inhibit immune responses
Cytotoxic - CD8, destroy virus cells and tumor cells

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18
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

BM and thymus

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19
Q

BM

A

Source of HSCs, matures B cells

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20
Q

Thymus

A

Matures T cells

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21
Q

Second lymphoid organs

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, MALT/CALT

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22
Q

Spleen

A

Destroys old RBCs, rich in macrophages

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23
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Collects lymph fluid

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24
Q

MALT

A

on mucosa surfaces, GI, respiratory, urogenital tracts
main port of foreign antigens
macrophages and lymphs

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25
Q

CALT

A

found on skin and eyes
monos, macrophages, dendritic, T cells

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26
Q

innate immune system

A

internal and external defense system

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27
Q

external defense system

A

anatomical barrier

skin, respiratory tract, GI tract, stomach, tears and saliva, microbiota

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28
Q

skin

A

physical barrier with secretions that limit microorg growth

epidermis - epi cells coated in keratin
dermis - covered in blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, WBCs

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29
Q

resp tract

A

mucous secretions block bacteria from attaching to epi cells
coughing and sneezing remove potential pathogens
cilia clears out deposited material

30
Q

GI tract

A

flushes out potential pathogens by maintaining pH of 5 with lactic acid

31
Q

stomach

A

prohibits microorg growth with hydrochloric acid which keeps pH at 1

32
Q

tears and saliva

A

lysozymes attack walls of GP bacteria

33
Q

microbiota

A

takes up space in the body so pathogens cannot land establish a spot

34
Q

internal defense system

A

cellular responses recognize certain molecular components

PRRs, acute-phase reactants, inflammation, phagocytosis, NK cells

35
Q

PRRs

A

recognize unique molecules associated with the infection

36
Q

TLRs

A

binds to particular substances
activates cytokines
makes chemokines that enhance phagocytosis
destroys pathogens before the disease sets in

37
Q

CLRs

A

binds to mannan and B-glucans on fungal cells
activates cytokine and chemokine production

38
Q

acute-phase reactants

A

rapidly responds to infection
limits host destruction cause by proteolytic enzymes
recycles minerals for inflammation

39
Q

CRP

A

response time: 4-6 hrs
increased by: 1000x
function: complement activation (an opsonin)

40
Q

fibrinogen

A

response time: 24 hrs
increased by: 2-5x
function: forms a clot

41
Q

haptoglobin

A

response time: 24 hrs
increased by: 2-10x
function: binds hemoglobin

42
Q

inflammation

A

body’s reaction to injury or infection

cardinal signs - redness, swelling, heat, pain

43
Q

phagocytosis

A

process of ingesting pathogens - adheres, engulfs, makes phagosomes, granule contact, makes phagolysosome, digests enzymes, excretes

enhance by opsonins
cells involved - macrophages, dendrites, neut, mono

44
Q

oxidative burst

A

HMP shunt converts NADP to NADPH
also converts O2 to H2O2 and OH

45
Q

O2 independent pathway

A

cell pH is altered resulting in activation of lytic enzymes

46
Q

NK cells

A

recognizes damaged cells and removes them
this gives adaptive immunity time to respond with specific T and B cells

first line of defense - virally infected or tumor cells
cytotoxic mechanisms can be inhibited, activated, or alternative
CD 56

47
Q

adaptive immune system

A

cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity

48
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

key component - T cells (CD 3)

49
Q

role of T cells

A

circulate in bloodstream looking to activate APCs to start the adaptive response

50
Q

T cell differentiation flow

A

double negative (CD 4- and CD8-)
double positive (CD 4+ and CD8+)
single positive (CD 4+ or CD8+)
mature T cell (Th, Th1, Th2, Treg, Tc)

51
Q

double negative

A

driver: chemokines
shotgun: thymocytes (gets to choose which genes can be made into unique binding sites)
kids: a/B chains (seeks out antigens)

52
Q

double positive

A

negative selection - thymocytes that fail to bind or bind too strongly to MHC antigens will die from apoptosis

positive selection - thymocyte TCRs that moderately recognize the MHC antigens can move on

53
Q

single positive

A

when selection happens, the thymocyte gets to choose a profession - express CD 4 or CD 8

thymocytes that end up binding with self antigens undergo apoptosis instead

54
Q

mature T cell

A

cytokines help differentiate the thymocyte into a specific T subset

55
Q

T helper

A

makes antibodies and activates adaptive response
CD 4+ and CD 3+

Th1 - activates cytotoxic lymphs and macro for direct killing
Th2 - helps B cells with making antibodies

56
Q

T regulatory

A

suppressed the immune response towards self antigens and secretes inhibitory cytokines
CD 4+, CD 3+, CD 25+

57
Q

cytotoxic T

A

binds and destroys infected cells with cytotoxic granules
CD 8+ and CD 3+

58
Q

humoral immunity

A

key component - B cells and antibodies

59
Q

role of B cells

A

make antibodies and can be either T-independent or T-dependent

60
Q

T-independent

A

does not need helper T cells
makes ONLY IgM
no memory cells are made
polysaccharides link with BCRs

61
Q

T-dependent

A

needs helper T cells
can switch from making IgM to other immunoglobulins
memory cells are made
increased BCR affinity

62
Q

B cells differentiation flow

A

pro-B cell
pre-B cell
immature B
mature B

63
Q

pro-B cell

A

made from rearranged genes that code for heavy and light chains, once a heavy chain is made, the cell can become a pre-B cell

64
Q

pre-B cell

A

heavy IgM chains + short Iga and IgB chains = pre-BCR
heavy chains express with surrogate light chaints

65
Q

immature B cell

A

pre-BCR is replaced with a functional BCR
composed of 2 heavy and 2 light chains

66
Q

variable region

A

determines specificity and is an antigen receptor

67
Q

B cell surface proteins

A

BCR, CD 21, CD 40, MHC II

68
Q

central tolerance

A

eliminates B cells with self-reactive receptors

if the immature B cell can survive central tolerance, move to next stage in spleen

69
Q

mature B cell

A

once stimulated, B cell enters antigen-dependent phase to become either memory cells or plasma cells
develops in the spleen
exhibits both IgM and IgD

70
Q

plasma cell

A

found in BM and lymphoid organs
make antibodies
no surface Ig, only cytoplasmic Ig
CD 38 and CD 138

71
Q

marginal B cell

A

remains in spleen
fast response to bloodborne pathogens

72
Q

follicular B cell

A

migrates in lymph nodes and other SOs
recirculates

MLS Classes (13 decks)

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