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MLS Classes > Immuno U1 > Flashcards

Immuno U1 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Antigens

A

Foreign substances that induce the host reponse

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2
Q

Immunity

A

Having resistance towards an infection

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3
Q

Attenuation

A

Making a pathogen less virulent

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4
Q

Innate immunity

A

The first response to something foreign, no prior exposure, no memory cells

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

The next responses (after innate), prior exposure needed, memory cells available

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6
Q

Neutrophils

A

Destroy foreign particles

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7
Q

Eosinophils

A

Kill parasites, phagocytose, releases cytokines

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8
Q

Basophils

A

Releases histamine for allergic reactions

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9
Q

Monocytes

A

Eats foreign material and removes dead cells

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10
Q

Macrophages

A

Innate - phagocytise and kills microbes
Adaptive - brings antigens to T cells and makes cytokines

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11
Q

Tissue cells

A

Kills microbes, eradicated intracellular parasites, secrete cell mediators

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12
Q

Mast cells

A

Enhance and suppress the adaptive response - in tissues

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13
Q

Innate lymphoid cells

A

CD16 and CD56
Kills virus cells and tumor cells
Helps with tissue remodeling

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14
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Most potent phagocytic cell and an effective APC

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15
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B, T, NK cells

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16
Q

B cells

A

Antibody production
CD19, CD20, CD21
matures in BM
Differentiates into plasma cells which secrete antibodies

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17
Q

T cells

A

CD3
mature in thymus

Helper T - CD4, make cytokines for antibody production
T reg - CD4, inhibit immune responses
Cytotoxic - CD8, destroy virus cells and tumor cells

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18
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

BM and thymus

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19
Q

BM

A

Source of HSCs, matures B cells

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20
Q

Thymus

A

Matures T cells

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21
Q

Second lymphoid organs

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, MALT/CALT

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22
Q

Spleen

A

Destroys old RBCs, rich in macrophages

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23
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Collects lymph fluid

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24
Q

MALT

A

on mucosa surfaces, GI, respiratory, urogenital tracts
main port of foreign antigens
macrophages and lymphs

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25
CALT
found on skin and eyes monos, macrophages, dendritic, T cells
26
innate immune system
internal and external defense system
27
external defense system
anatomical barrier skin, respiratory tract, GI tract, stomach, tears and saliva, microbiota
28
skin
physical barrier with secretions that limit microorg growth epidermis - epi cells coated in keratin dermis - covered in blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, WBCs
29
resp tract
mucous secretions block bacteria from attaching to epi cells coughing and sneezing remove potential pathogens cilia clears out deposited material
30
GI tract
flushes out potential pathogens by maintaining pH of 5 with lactic acid
31
stomach
prohibits microorg growth with hydrochloric acid which keeps pH at 1
32
tears and saliva
lysozymes attack walls of GP bacteria
33
microbiota
takes up space in the body so pathogens cannot land establish a spot
34
internal defense system
cellular responses recognize certain molecular components PRRs, acute-phase reactants, inflammation, phagocytosis, NK cells
35
PRRs
recognize unique molecules associated with the infection
36
TLRs
binds to particular substances activates cytokines makes chemokines that enhance phagocytosis destroys pathogens before the disease sets in
37
CLRs
binds to mannan and B-glucans on fungal cells activates cytokine and chemokine production
38
acute-phase reactants
rapidly responds to infection limits host destruction cause by proteolytic enzymes recycles minerals for inflammation
39
CRP
response time: 4-6 hrs increased by: 1000x function: complement activation (an opsonin)
40
fibrinogen
response time: 24 hrs increased by: 2-5x function: forms a clot
41
haptoglobin
response time: 24 hrs increased by: 2-10x function: binds hemoglobin
42
inflammation
body's reaction to injury or infection cardinal signs - redness, swelling, heat, pain
43
phagocytosis
process of ingesting pathogens - adheres, engulfs, makes phagosomes, granule contact, makes phagolysosome, digests enzymes, excretes enhance by opsonins cells involved - macrophages, dendrites, neut, mono
44
oxidative burst
HMP shunt converts NADP to NADPH also converts O2 to H2O2 and OH
45
O2 independent pathway
cell pH is altered resulting in activation of lytic enzymes
46
NK cells
recognizes damaged cells and removes them this gives adaptive immunity time to respond with specific T and B cells first line of defense - virally infected or tumor cells cytotoxic mechanisms can be inhibited, activated, or alternative CD 56
47
adaptive immune system
cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity
48
cell-mediated immunity
key component - T cells (CD 3)
49
role of T cells
circulate in bloodstream looking to activate APCs to start the adaptive response
50
T cell differentiation flow
double negative (CD 4- and CD8-) double positive (CD 4+ and CD8+) single positive (CD 4+ or CD8+) mature T cell (Th, Th1, Th2, Treg, Tc)
51
double negative
driver: chemokines shotgun: thymocytes (gets to choose which genes can be made into unique binding sites) kids: a/B chains (seeks out antigens)
52
double positive
negative selection - thymocytes that fail to bind or bind too strongly to MHC antigens will die from apoptosis positive selection - thymocyte TCRs that moderately recognize the MHC antigens can move on
53
single positive
when selection happens, the thymocyte gets to choose a profession - express CD 4 or CD 8 thymocytes that end up binding with self antigens undergo apoptosis instead
54
mature T cell
cytokines help differentiate the thymocyte into a specific T subset
55
T helper
makes antibodies and activates adaptive response CD 4+ and CD 3+ Th1 - activates cytotoxic lymphs and macro for direct killing Th2 - helps B cells with making antibodies
56
T regulatory
suppressed the immune response towards self antigens and secretes inhibitory cytokines CD 4+, CD 3+, CD 25+
57
cytotoxic T
binds and destroys infected cells with cytotoxic granules CD 8+ and CD 3+
58
humoral immunity
key component - B cells and antibodies
59
role of B cells
make antibodies and can be either T-independent or T-dependent
60
T-independent
does not need helper T cells makes ONLY IgM no memory cells are made polysaccharides link with BCRs
61
T-dependent
needs helper T cells can switch from making IgM to other immunoglobulins memory cells are made increased BCR affinity
62
B cells differentiation flow
pro-B cell pre-B cell immature B mature B
63
pro-B cell
made from rearranged genes that code for heavy and light chains, once a heavy chain is made, the cell can become a pre-B cell
64
pre-B cell
heavy IgM chains + short Iga and IgB chains = pre-BCR heavy chains express with surrogate light chaints
65
immature B cell
pre-BCR is replaced with a functional BCR composed of 2 heavy and 2 light chains
66
variable region
determines specificity and is an antigen receptor
67
B cell surface proteins
BCR, CD 21, CD 40, MHC II
68
central tolerance
eliminates B cells with self-reactive receptors if the immature B cell can survive central tolerance, move to next stage in spleen
69
mature B cell
once stimulated, B cell enters antigen-dependent phase to become either memory cells or plasma cells develops in the spleen exhibits both IgM and IgD
70
plasma cell
found in BM and lymphoid organs make antibodies no surface Ig, only cytoplasmic Ig CD 38 and CD 138
71
marginal B cell
remains in spleen fast response to bloodborne pathogens
72
follicular B cell
migrates in lymph nodes and other SOs recirculates

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