Immunology

Question 1

Define immune system

Answer 1

A system of cells and tissues that attacks, recognises, and destroys foreign substances that endangers one’s health

Question 2

Why are humans described as super organisms

Answer 2

They have an internal ecosystem of diverse symbiotic microbiota and viruses

Question 3

Pathogens

Answer 3

Microorganisms external to the human host that produce diseases

Question 4

Pathobionts

Answer 4

Pathogens that stay within the host microbiome

Question 5

Example of pathogens
[6]

Answer 5

Helminths
Fungi
Protozoa
Bacteria
Viruses
Prions

Question 6

2 categories of pathogens

Answer 6

Extracellular
Intracellular

Question 7

Extracellular pathogens

Answer 7

Microorganisms that stay in tissue and don’t need to enter host cell to replicate

Question 8

Intracellular pathogens

Answer 8

Microorganisms that need to enter host cell to be replicated

Question 9

2 types of intracellular pathogens

Answer 9

Obligate
Facultative

Question 10

Obligate

Answer 10

Stay inside host cell and can’t replicate outside of host cell

Question 11

Facultative

Answer 11

Live in host cell
Can replicate without host cell

Question 12

Pathogenicity

Question 13

2 types of immune response

Answer 13

Innate
Adaptive

Question 14

Innate immune system

Answer 14

The initial response to pathogens

Question 15

Adaptive immune response

Answer 15

After the innate response is unable to block the spread

Question 16

3 components of an effective immune system
RDC

Answer 16

Recognition system
Disposal system
Communication system

Question 17

Recognition system

Answer 17

Helps identify the presence of invader

Question 18

Importance of a Disposal system

Answer 18

To kill or eliminate threat

Question 19

Importance of a communication system

Answer 19

Return body to previous conditions

Question 20

Compare the evolutionary origins of innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 20

Innate - invertebrates and vertebrates [present before birth]
Vertebrates - vertebrates

Question 21

Compare the blood cell type of innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 21

Innate - phagocytes
Adaptive - lymphocytes

Question 22

Compare the specificity of recognition of innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 22

Innate - non specific
Adaptive - high

Question 23

Compare the speed of action of innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 23

Innate - rapid
Adaptive - slow

Question 24

Does innate immunity develop memory Cells

Answer 24

NO

Question 25

Does adaptive immunity develop memory Cells

Answer 25

YES

Question 26

Types of innate immunity
[2]

Answer 26

Non induced
Induced

Question 27

Non induced innate mechanisms

Answer 27

Mediated by physical barriers

Question 28

Induced innate mechanism

Answer 28

Mediated by complement and leukocytes

Question 29

2 components of pathogen recognition

Answer 29

1st element - in pathogen
2nd element - in host cell

Question 30

PAMPs

Answer 30

Molecular configuration in pathogens

Question 31

PRMs

Answer 31

Host structure that recognises PAMPs

Question 32

PRRs

Answer 32

PRMs found in leukocytes or in cytoplasm

Question 33

Order of immune system

Answer 33

Barrier
Innate
Adaptive

Question 34

Example of Barrier immunity

Answer 34

Respiratory epithelium
GI epithelium
Nose
Pharynx

Question 35

Example of cells innate immunity

Answer 35

Neutrophils
Mast cells
Monocytes
Macrophages