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Clinical Medicine I > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

physical barriers, inflammation, the complement system and WBCs compose what?

A

the innate immune system

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2
Q

lymphocytes, T Cells, B cells, NK cells and antibodies are components of what?

A

the acquired immune system

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3
Q

what triggers the classical pathway of complement activation?

A

antibodies binding to the antigen

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4
Q

The C1 complex is composed of what? and releases what?

A

composed of antigen and antibody.

releases C2a and C4b fragments which combine to form C3

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5
Q

C3 is cleaved by what enzyme, becoming what?

A

cleaved by C3 convertase, becomes C3a and C3b

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6
Q

What action does C3b have?

A

C3b cleaves C5 into C5a and C5b

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7
Q

once C5b is present, what can be formed?

A

the membrane attack complex

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8
Q

the membrane attack complex is formed by which proteins?

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9

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9
Q

Describe the 5 main steps of the complement pathway

A
  1. activation
  2. C3 convertase formation
  3. opsonization/phagocytosis
  4. inflammation
  5. membrane attack complex and lysis
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10
Q

what happens to neutrophils when there is endothelial damage?

A

chemical signals from endothelium help neutrophils become “sticky” and stop rolling along capillary wall

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11
Q

In the inflammatory response, mast cells from the tissue release what?

A

histamine

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12
Q

histamine release causes vasodilation, which allows what?

A

holes open between endothelial cells

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13
Q

Because of the histamine mediated openings between endothelial cells, what can enter the tissue?

A

fluid, leukocytes

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14
Q

When neutrophils squeeze through the endothelium, that is called what?

A

extravasation

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15
Q

“Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas” describes the distribution of what?

A

WBCs in the blood.

Neutrophils (62%)
Lymphocytes (30%)
Monocytes (5%)
Eosinophils (2.5%)
Basophils (0.5%)
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16
Q

these cells have the following characteristics:

  • Phagocytes and Granulocyte
  • 1st responders/scouts
  • active against bacteria
  • Myeloblast derived
A

Neutrophil

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17
Q

what does an increase in band neutrophils indicate?

A

bone marrow creating more WBCs

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18
Q

An increase in band neutrophils is described as what in lab values?

A

leukocytosis with left shift

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19
Q

why are immature neutrophils called band neutrophils?

A

they do not have segmented nucleus yet

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20
Q

Luekocytosis with a left shift indicates what?

A

acute bacterial infection

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21
Q

what percent of bands indicates a left shift?

A

> 8%

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22
Q

Neutrophilia indicates what?

A

acute infection, nonspecific inflammation, metabolic issues

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23
Q

Neutropenia indicates what?

A

viral infection, bone marrow disease, chemo/radiation therapy, toxicity

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24
Q

This WBC has the following characteristics:

  • Histamine and heparine granules
  • Allergic and antigen response
A

basophils

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25
This WBC has the following characteristics: - target large parasites - modulate allergic inflammatory response - rare in blood - found in mucous membranes of respiratory, digestive urinary tracts
eosinophils
26
This WBC has the following characteristics: - releases histamine and heparin - Present in mucosa - important for allergy and anaphylaxis
mast cells
27
This WBC has the following characteristics: - largest WBC - found in spleen - differentiate to become macrophage or dentritic cell
monocytes
28
what are the primary lymph organs?
bone marrow, thymus
29
what cell matures in the bone marrow?
b-cells
30
what cell matures in the thymus?
t-cells
31
what are the secondary lymph organs?
lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, MALT
32
This organ removes old blood cells, synthesizes Abs, removes antigens via blood and lymph
spleen
33
this organ filters foreign molecules and cancer cells
lymph nodes
34
this organ filters bacteria and viruses. found in oral/nasal mucosa
tonsils/adenoids
35
This tissue type regulates mucosal immunity
MALT
36
This condition results in the following: - modest leukophilia - diminished response to live vaccines - increased susceptibility to encapsulated bacteria
asplenia
37
what is the first line of defense against ingested or inhaled pathogens?
tonsils/adenoids
38
This tissue is populated by b cells, t-cells, plasma cells and macrophages. it specializes in sampling antigens and delivering to lymphoid tissue
MALT
39
this type of adaptive immunity has the following characteristics: - antibody mediated - B-lymphocytes - works by circulation of Abs - Effective against extracellular pathogens
Humoral immunity
40
This type of adaptive immunity has the following characteristics: - Cell mediated - T-lymphocytes - Direct cell-to-cell contact or secreted products - Effective against intracellular pathogens, tumors, etc.
cell-mediated
41
Where are B lymphocytes created, where do they mature, and where do you migrate to?
born in bone marrow mature in bone-marrow migrate to spleen, lymph nodes, MALT
42
Describe the steps to activate a b-lymphocyte
antigen binds to mature naive b lymphocyte receptor b lymphocyte proliferates clones differentiate to become plasma or memory cells
43
What do antigens bind to on b-cells to activate them?
b cell receptor (BCR)
44
What are the five types of immunoglobulin?
``` IgM IgG IgA IgE IgD ```
45
This immune globulin is: - 1st responder produced by plasma cell - Large - does not cross placenta - Activates the complement system - Short half-life - 5-10% of circulating Abs
IgM
46
This immunoglobulin has the following characteristics: - Second antibody produced by plasma cells - crosses placenta - opsonizing activity - most abundant Ab (75%) - 21 day half life - can activate complement
IgG
47
The presence of IgM indicates what?
acute infection
48
A titer is drawn to test immunity. The results are the following: IgG: Reactive IgM: non-reactive IgG avidity: high avidity What does this indicate?
past infection from the pathogen
49
A titer is drawn to test immunity. The results are the following: IgG: Reactive IgM: Reactive IgG Avidity: low avidity What does this indicate?
primary infection
50
A titer is drawn to test immunity. The results are the following: IgG: reactive IgM: Reactive IgG avidity: high avidity what does this indicate?
non-primary infection Low risk for in-utero transmission
51
when a booster dose is given, does IgM respond in the same magnitude it did during primary vaccination?
yes
52
When a booster dose is given, does IgG respond in the same magnitude it did during primary vaccination?
No, much greater response
53
This immunoglobulin has the following characteristics: - found in mucosal membranes - found in secretions including breast milk - weak opsonizer, doesn't activate complement
IgA
54
This immunoglobulin has the following characteristics: - produced in allergic response - defends against helminths and parasaites - binds mast cells - mediates histamine release - large role in Type I hypersensitivity
IgE
55
This immunoglobulin has the following characteristics: - involved in B-cell activation - not well understood
IgD
56
a newborn is positive for IgM Abs. what does this indicate?
in utero infection of the infant
57
Where do T-lymphocytes get created, and where are they matured?
created in bone marrow, mature in thymus
58
What is the 1st signal of t-cell activation
TCR binding to MHC-antigen complex of an antigen presenting cell TCR binds APC
59
what is the second signal of t-cell activation?
T-Cell CD28 binds APC's B7
60
This T-Cell... is "the regulator" prevents immune overactivity distinguishes self vs non-self doesn't express surface receptors doesn't bind to MHC
Suppressor T-Cells
61
This T-Cell... is "the veteran" recognizes antigens from previous exposure doesn't express surface receptors doesn't bind MHC
memory t-cell
62
This T-Cell... stimulates B-Cells and T-Cells to proliferate Activates macrophages Activates NK cells Displays CD4 Binds MHC II
helper T-cell
63
this T-Cell... directly kills virus infected cells kills tumor cells expresses CD8 binds MHC I
cytotoxic t cell
64
What type of cell has major histocompatibility complexes on surfaces which display antigen to TCRs?
antigen presenting cells
65
What cells have an MHC Class I?
surface of all nucleated cells
66
What cells have MHC class II?
surface of b-cells, dentritic cells, macrophages
67
The granulocytes are...
neutrophils eosinophils basophils mast cells
68
the agranulocytes are
monocytes lymphocytes
69
monocytes can differentiate to become...
dendritic cells macrophages
70
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and monocytes originate from what cell?
myeloid progenitor
71
plasma B cells, memory B cells, t-cells, and NK cells originate from what cell?
lymphoid stem cell

Clinical Medicine I (25 decks)

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