immunology summary

Question 1

what are barriers to infection

Answer 1

skin, mucous, commensal bacteria

Question 2

innate response

Answer 2

early, non-specific [PAMPS:PRRs]

Question 3

Adaptive response –

Answer 3

late, specific

Question 4

phagocytes:

Answer 4

neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

Question 5

lymphocytes:

Answer 5

T-cells, B-cells, NK cells

Question 6

Mast cells –

Answer 6

reside in tissues & protect mucosal surfaces

Question 7

Degranulate releasing –

Answer 7

Histamine and Tryptase

Question 8

Gene expression –

Answer 8

TNF, chemokines, leukotrienes

Question 9

what do Basophils & Eosinophils do

Answer 9

circulate in blood, recruited to site of infection

Question 10

what do neutrophils do

Answer 10

circulate in blood, rapidly recruited to site of inflammation

Question 11

how do neutrophils attack pathogens

Answer 11

by phagocytosis, NETs, release of degradative proteases

Question 12

Macrophages –

Answer 12

reside in tissues, limit inflammation

Question 13

how do macrophages limit inflammation

Answer 13

Phagocyte extracellular pathogens & clear debris from dead tissues

Question 14

when do dendritic cells mature

Answer 14

when in contact with pathogen

Question 15

what are dendritic cells in peripheral tissues

Answer 15

immature

Question 16

where do dendritic cells migrate to

Answer 16

lymph nodes

Question 17

describe dendritic cells regarding antigen presentation

Answer 17

initiates adaptive immune response

Question 18

describe NK cells

Answer 18

virally infected cells and antibody bound cells

Question 19

what are B cells

Answer 19

antibodies

Question 20

Helper T cells (CD4) –

Answer 20

IL-2

Question 21

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) –

Answer 21

induces apoptosis in virally infected and tumour cells

Question 22

what are the primary lymphoid tissue

Answer 22

bone marrow & thymus

Question 23

what are the secondary lymphoid tissue

Answer 23

lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen

Question 24

what do cytokines do

Answer 24

modulate cell behaviour

Question 25

Interferons –

Answer 25

anti-viral

Question 26

TNF –

Answer 26

pro-inflammatory

Question 27

Chemokines –

Answer 27

control and direct cell migration

Question 28

Interleukins – IL-2 =

Answer 28

T-cell proliferation

Question 29

IL-10 =

Answer 29

anti-inflammatory

Question 30

Systemic effect of inflammation =

Answer 30

fever

Question 31

what do Pro-inflammatory cytokine cause the liver to produce

Answer 31

acute phase proteins

Question 32

what are acute phase proteins

Answer 32

CRP, complement proteins, serum amyloid A

Question 33

what is MHC 1 expressed on

Answer 33

all nucleated cells

Question 34

what is MHC 2 expressed on

Answer 34

dendritic cells, macrophages, B-cells

Question 35

IgG =

Answer 35

most abundant, can cross into placenta

Question 36

IgD =

Answer 36

part of B cells

Question 37

IgM =

Answer 37

first, pentamer

Question 38

IgE =

Answer 38

allergic response

Question 39

IgA =

Answer 39

monomeric in blood, dimeric in secretions breast milk

Question 40

what are the functions of antibodies

Answer 40

opsonization, stimulate NK cells, allergic response, class-switching

Question 41

what is the germinal centre

Answer 41

sites in lymph nodes where B-cells proliferate, differentiate, class-switch

Question 42

IL-2 – T-

Answer 42

cell growth factor

Question 43

IL-6 –

Answer 43

Induces fever

Question 44

what is the most important complement molecule

Answer 44

C3

Question 45

when is C3 produced

Answer 45

in the acute phase response to inflammation from the liver

Question 46

what is C3 driven by

Answer 46

IL-1, IL-6, TNFa (pro-inflammatory mediators).

Question 47

what indicated inflammation

Answer 47

CRP

Question 48

classical pathway

Answer 48

C3 -----> C3a + C3b

Question 49

what is mannose

Answer 49

a sugar produced by bacterial cells

Question 50

what does mannose do

Answer 50

activates MBL which then activates the cleavage of C3

Question 51

alternative pathway

Answer 51

- C3 isn’t stable and spontaneously degenerates to C3a and C3b - Positive feedback loop from C3b to C3

Question 52

2nd option C3b

Answer 52

C3b ------> C5a + C5b

Question 53

C3b –

Answer 53

opsonisation

Question 54

C5a –

Answer 54

chemotaxis, vasoactive inflammatory response (TNF-a)

Question 55

C5b –

Answer 55

membrane attack complex

Question 56

hypersensitivity

Answer 56

classical pathway

Question 57

what does TH2 do

Answer 57

stimulates basophils, eosinophils and mast cells for parasitic response