Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

random lectures > formative summary revision > Flashcards

formative summary revision Flashcards

1
Q

what is Km increased by

A

competitive inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is Vmax decreased by

A

non-competitive inhibition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

allosteric binding

A

sigmoidal curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

non-allosteric enzyme

A

hyperbolic curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 3 irreversible stages of glycolysis mediated by enzymes

A
  1. Hexokinase – substrate entry
  2. Phosphofructokinase – rate of flow
  3. Pyruvate kinase – product exit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is metaplasia

A

mature cell transforms into another mature cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

dysplasia

A

disorder growth in abnormal cells in tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the hallmarks of cancer

A
  • Resisting cell death
  • Sustaining proliferative signalling
  • Evading growth suppressors
  • Activating invasion and metastasis
  • Inducing angiogenesis
  • Genome instability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when is steady state achieved

A

after 5 half lives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe temp control/ negative feedback

A
  1. Central & peripheral thermoreceptors sense change in temp
  2. Send signals to hypothalamus
  3. Hypothalamus sends signals to effectors
  4. Effectors take action to oppose change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the test for gram positive

A

crystal violet dye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Pink

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

purple

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

endotoxin

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

exotoxin

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does an oncogene do

A

promote cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does a tumour suppressor gene do

A

inhibit cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

pyrimidine

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

purine

A

guanine, adenosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

transcription

A

RNA polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Topoisomerase

A

DNA rotation to help unwinding DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

helicase

A

unzips DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DNA polymerase –

A

Adds nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Primase

A

Makes primer DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ligase

A

joins up Okazaki fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

start codon =

A

AUG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what provides energy

A

GTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what catalyses peptide bond formation between amino acids in P and A sites

A

Peptidyl transferas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

autosomal dominant

A

in every generation
50% chance of passing onto offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

autosomal recessive

A

2 genes needed and even so only a 25% chance of passing onto offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

ectoderm

A

nervous tissue = controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

mesoderm

A

muscle tissue = moves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

mesoderm

A

connective tissue = supports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

endoderm

A

epithelial tissue = covers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

IgM

A

first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

IgA

A

secretory - breast milk

37
Q

IgG

A

most abundant

38
Q

IgE

A

allergy

39
Q

high CO2 =

A

low affinity for O2

40
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood each
ventricle ejects per heart beat

41
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
CO = SV x HR

42
Q

MAP =

A

average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle. [70-105mm Hg]

43
Q

Short term BP change:

A

When high blood pressure, firing rate to brain increases. Results in vessel dilation + HR falls.

44
Q

Long term BP change: ACE

A
  1. RAAS – Renin stimulates Angiotensin 1 → Angiotensin 2 [produces aldosterone – vasoconstriction → increases SVR]
  2. NPs – counters RAAS
    a. ANP – atrial distension
    b. BNP – ventricles
  3. ADH – regulates ECF – increases reabsorption of water, increasing MAP
45
Q

Disaccharide =

A

Sucrose, Lactose

46
Q

Polysaccharide =

A

Glycogen, Cellulose

47
Q

∆G =

A

(energy products) – (energy reactants)

48
Q

what is ∆G linked to

A

point of equilibrium

49
Q

Primary protein =

A

Amino acids held together by peptide bonds

50
Q

2nd protein =

A

Hydrogen bonds

51
Q

3rd protein =

A

Amino acids interact [3D structure]

52
Q

4th protein =

A

Disulphide bonds [multiple subunits]

53
Q

Connective tissue –

A

Collagen triple helix

54
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

3’ OH group — 5’ triphosphate

55
Q

mRNA “messenger”

A

Carries genetic information for protein synthesis – [Transcription]

56
Q

trna: “transfer”

A

Carries amino acid to ribosome – [Translation]

57
Q

how many types of eukaryotic cells are there

A

3 types

58
Q

what are the 3 types of eukaryotic cells

A

Pol I, II (mRNA), III

59
Q

how many types of prokaryotic cells are there

A

1 type

60
Q

describe transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase binding – finds promoters [initiation sites]
  2. DNA chain separation – Helicase
  3. Transcription initiation – 1st nucleotide added
  4. Elongation – Further nucleotides added to RNA chain
  5. Termination
61
Q

what provides energy for translation

A

GTP

62
Q

describe the process of translation

A
  1. Initiator tRNA located at A site – binds to start codon
  2. Elongation factor brings aminoacyl-tRNA to A site
  3. Peptidyl transferase catalyses bond formation between amino acids in P & A site 4. Termination when A site encounters stop codon
63
Q

degenerate

A

amino acid with more than one codon

64
Q

unambiguous

A

codon codes for one amino acid only

65
Q

Apoenzyme =

A

enzyme, no cofactor

66
Q

Halo-enzyme =

A

enzyme + cofactor

67
Q

what happens to all enzymes in TCA

A

they are in matrix but succinate dehydrogenase at the inner mitochondrial membrane

68
Q

mitosis

A

Diploid parent → 2 diploid daughter cells

69
Q

meiosis

A

Diploid parent → 4 haploid daughter cells

70
Q

Gene sequence variations due to:

A

Promoter sequence changes

71
Q

Polymorphisms –

A

predispose to a disease

72
Q

Mendelion –

A

single gene mutation = disease

73
Q

Multifactorial –

A

multiple polymorphisms = risk of disease

74
Q

aneuploidy:

A

whole missing/extra chromosome

75
Q

Robertsonian translocation

A

two acro-centric chromosomes stuck end-end [trisomy]

76
Q

Microarray CGH –

A

1st line chromosome test, detects abnormal chromosomes

77
Q

FISH –

A

maps genetic material in a person’s cells (visualise specific genes)

78
Q

PCR –

A

amplifies small piece of human genome [to find mutation]

79
Q

Mosaicism –

A

having two genetically different types of cells in body

80
Q

Penetrance –

A

likelihood of having a disease

81
Q

Expression –

A

variation in disease severity

82
Q

Autosomal dominant:

A

50% risk child affected

83
Q

Autosomal recessive:

A

two faulty copies required, 25% risk, incest increases likelihood

84
Q

x-linked:

A

recessive, only mum → child (50% risk), example – Haemophilia

85
Q

Mitochondrial inheritance:

A

maternal only

86
Q

Heteroplasmy –

A

daughter cells contain different proportions of mutant mitochondria

87
Q

what genes are involves in cancer

A

Oncogenes [ras, PDGF, src]
- Tumour suppressor genes [p53]
- DNA repair genes
- Drug metabolism – genes that metabolise carcinogens

88
Q

what is the breast cancer gene

A

BRCA1

89
Q

Variolation –

A

Exposure to dried smallpox pustules from an infected patient

random lectures (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions