physiology + histology summary

Question 1

membrane components

Answer 1

phospholipid bilayer
cholesterol
proteins
carbohydrates

Question 2

Cholesterol –

Answer 2

for fluidity, stability, stiffness

Question 3

Proteins –

Answer 3

transport proteins, enzymes, receptors, cell adhesion molecules

Question 4

Carbohydrates –

Answer 4

exterior – self-identity markers enabling cells to interact

Question 5

Desmosomes –

Answer 5

adhering junctions that anchor cells together [anchoring junctions]

Question 6

Tight junctions –

Answer 6

join lateral edges of epithelial cells [occluding junctions]

Question 7

Gap junctions –

Answer 7

movement of molecules between cells [communicating j…]

Question 8

Cation =

Answer 8

positively charged ion

Question 9

Anion =

Answer 9

negatively charged ion Fick’s law

Question 10

Electrochemical gradient –

Answer 10

electrical and chemical forces act on ion at same time to form gradient

Question 11

Isotonic =

Answer 11

conc of solute equal in / out cell

Question 12

Hypertonic =

Answer 12

conc solute outside cell > conc inside cell [hypotonic opposite]

Question 13

Hypertonic solution –

Answer 13

cell shrinks

Question 14

Facillated diffusion –

Answer 14

no energy, carrier mediated, high > low conc

Question 15

Primary active transport –

Answer 15

energy directly required

Question 16

Secondary active transport –

Answer 16

energy stored in form of ion concentration gradient

Question 17

Symport –

Answer 17

co-transport [same direction]

Question 18

Antiport –

Answer 18

exchange / counter-transport [opposite directions]

Question 19

Na+/K+-ATPase:

Answer 19

primary active transport, 2 K+ in / 3 Na+ out [both against conc gradient]

• Establishes Na+ and K+conc gradient
• Used as energy source for secondary active transport

Question 20

Endocytosis –

Answer 20

membrane pinches off and engulfs substances inside cell [phagocytosis]

Question 21

Exocytosis –

Answer 21

cell transports molecules out of cell

Question 22

Nerve cell resting membrane potential =

Answer 22

-70mV

Question 23

Ek =

Answer 23

-90mV

Question 24

ENa =

Answer 24

+60mV

Question 25

Em ≠ Ek in nerve cells due to

Answer 25

slight inward leak of Na+into cell

Question 26

hormones controlling glucose absorptive

Answer 26

insulin and glucagon

Question 27

hormones controlling glucose in emergency

Answer 27

adrenaline - raises glucose

Question 28

hormones controlling glucose in starvation

Answer 28

cortisol [raises glucose] and growth hormone

Question 29

↑MAP =

Answer 29

↑ firing rate MAP [70 – 105 mmHg]

Question 30

Homeostasis –

Answer 30

need for body internal environment to stay fairly constant

Question 31

Negative feedback –

Answer 31

opposes initial change

Question 32

Positive feedback –

Answer 32

amplifies initial change

Question 33

Hypothermia

Answer 33

< 35 or > 40

Question 34

fever

Answer 34

= 38

Question 35

Steps in fever:

Answer 35

1. Antigen attacks macrophage which releases cytokines
2. These travel to hypothalamus and act on endogenous pyrogen
3. Stimulate release of prostaglandins to reset body thermostat
4. Hypothalamus initiates mechanisms to warm body up
5. Body thermostat resets to normal when cytokines no longer act on pyrogen

Question 36

epithelium

Answer 36

surfaces of body

Question 37

types of epithelium

Answer 37

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Question 38

connective tissue

Answer 38

soft, hard, blood and lymph

Question 39

smooth muscle

Answer 39

involuntary - non-striated

Question 40

skeletal muscle

Answer 40

voluntary - striated, multinucleated

Question 41

cardiac muscle

Answer 41

involuntary, striated

Question 42

Nervous tissue –

Answer 42

neurons and supporting cells (glia)

Question 43

Astrocytes –

Answer 43

support and ion transport

Question 44

Microglia –

Answer 44

immune surveillance

Question 45

Oligodendrocytes –

Answer 45

produce myelin [CNS]

Question 46

Schwann cells -

Answer 46

produce myelin and support axons [PNS]