pathology summary

Question 1

necrosis

Answer 1

death of tissues/ organs
- due to disease/ injury/ loss of blood supply

Question 2

coagulative

Answer 2

cell-outline preserved (kidney/heart)

Question 3

colliquative

Answer 3

brain (liquid necrosis)

Question 4

caseous

Answer 4

mycobacteria (TB) - cheesy

Question 5

gangrenous

Answer 5

cell death by necrosis then infection on top (lower limb ischaemia)

Question 6

fibrinoid

Answer 6

due to immune mediated vascular damage

Question 7

fat necrosis

Answer 7

activated lipless on fat tissue
- acute pancreatitis

Question 8

apoptosis

Answer 8

programmed cell death

Question 9

p53

Answer 9

stimulates apoptosis of faulty cells in G1 of cell cycle loss of p53 → cancer

Question 10

what do telomeres on DNA do

Answer 10

prevent degradation and fusion
they also add nucleotides to end of DNA

Question 11

free radicals

Answer 11

atoms with unpaired electrons

Question 12

benefits of acute inflammation

Answer 12

• entry of antibodies
• O2/ nutrients
• delivery and drug transport

Question 13

harmful effects of acute inflammation

Answer 13

• healthy tissue digestion
• swelling
• inappropriate inflammatory response

Question 14

inflammation characteristics

Answer 14

redness
heat
swelling
pain
loss of function

Question 15

Redness –

Answer 15

dilatation of small blood vessels

Question 16

Heat –

Answer 16

increased blood flow through region

Question 17

Swelling –

Answer 17

accumulation of fluid in extravascular space

Question 18

Pain –

Answer 18

distortion of tissue

Question 19

Loss of function –

Answer 19

inhibited by pain/swelling

Question 20

margination

Answer 20

• allows neutrophils into plasma
• Loss of intravascular fluid, increased plasma viscosity
• Surface and endothelial cell adhesion molecules increased by cytokines

Question 21

name the 5 chemical mediators

Answer 21

histamine
serotonin
chemokine
leukotrienes
prostaglandins

Question 22

Histamine –

Answer 22

increases vascular dilatation

Question 23

Serotonin –

Answer 23

increase vascular permeability

Question 24

Chemokines –

Answer 24

attract leukocytes to site of inflammation

Question 25

Leukotrienes –

Answer 25

sustain inflammation

Question 26

Prostaglandins –

Answer 26

increase vascular permeability, stimulate platelet aggregation

Question 27

Suppuration =

Answer 27

formation of pus

Question 28

Resolution =

Answer 28

restoration of tissue to normal

Question 29

Macroscopic appearances of chronic inflammation:

Answer 29

- Chronic ulcer, abscess, thickening of wall by fibrosis, granulomas, fibrosis

Question 30

Granuloma =

Answer 30

mass of granulation tissue [collection of macrophages]

Question 31

why do granulomas form

Answer 31

in response to foreign bodies – TB, Crohn’s, parasites, malignancy

Question 32

neoplasia =

Answer 32

new, abnormal growth

Question 33

Dysplasia =

Answer 33

disordered growth (pre-malignant)

Question 34

Metaplasia =

Answer 34

change from one mature cell type to another [Barret’s Oesophagus]

Question 35

Hyperplasia =

Answer 35

Increase in cell number

Question 36

Hypoplasia =

Answer 36

Incomplete organ developmen

Question 37

Hypertrophy =

Answer 37

Increase in cell size

Question 38

Atrophy =

Answer 38

Decreased cell size and number

Question 39

benign =

Answer 39

Papilloma, adenoma

Question 40

malignant =

Answer 40

Carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma

Question 41

Angiogenesis –

Answer 41

formation of new, abnormal blood vessels

Question 42

Metastases –

Answer 42

second malignant growth at distance from primary site [by blood or lymph]

Question 43

Malignant ratio =

Answer 43

high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio

Question 44

Cachexia –

Answer 44

weight loss by cancer TNM staging – Tumour, Nodes, Metastases

Question 45

hallmarks of cancer

Answer 45

- Sustained growth signalling - Loss of growth inhibition - Unlimited replicative potential - Resisting apoptosis - Metastasis - Angiogenesis - Evasion of immune system

Question 46

Atheroma –

Answer 46

arterial wall degeneration due to fatty deposit / scar tissue > thrombosis

Question 47

Virchow’s triad:

Answer 47

- Hyper-coagulability, haemodynamic changes, endothelial injury

Question 48

Infarction [by thrombus/embolus] –

Answer 48

restriction of blood supply > local death of tissue