Immunopathology - Week 11 - Adaptive immunity

Question 1

Immunity that is a highly specific defense mechanism of the immune system that develops after exposure to pathogens or foreign substances (antigens) is known as?

Answer 1

Adaptive immunity.

Question 2

List the 4 key features of Adaptive immunity.

Answer 2

1. Specificity
2. Memory
3. Diversity
4. Self vs Non-self recognition

Question 3

Which key feature of adaptive immunity targets specific antigens through precise molecular recognition?

Answer 3

Specificity.

Question 4

Which key feature of adaptive immunity develops immunological memory, enabling faster and stronger responses to repeat exposures?

Answer 4

Memory.

Question 5

Which key feature of adaptive immunity can recognize an enormous variety of antigens due to the diversity of receptors on lymphocytes?

Answer 5

Diversity.

Question 6

Which key feature of adaptive immunity differentiates between the body’s own cells and foreign invaders to prevent autoimmune responses?

Answer 6

Self vs. Non-Self Recognition.

Question 7

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 7

Active immunity

Passive immunity

Question 8

What type of adaptive immunity is acquired through infection or vaccination, resulting in long-term protection?

Answer 8

Active immunity.

Question 9

What type of adaptive immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies, such as maternal antibodies to a newborn, providing temporary protection?

Answer 9

Passive immunity.

Question 10

What are the two branches of adaptive immunity?

Answer 10

Cell mediated immunity.

Humoral immunity.

Question 11

What branch of adaptive immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes (T cells), which directly attack infected or abnormal cells and targets intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells?

Answer 11

Cell mediated immunity.

Question 12

What branch of adaptive immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes (B cells) and involves the production of antibodies that circulate in bodily fluids and targets extracellular pathogens.

Answer 12

Humoral immunity.

Question 13

List the 4 key mechanisms of Humoral immunity.

Answer 13

1. Antigen recognition
2. Activation of B cells
3. Antibody production
4. Memory B cells

Question 14

What key mechanism of humoral immunity involves B cells recognizing specific antigens via their surface receptors?

Answer 14

Antigen recognition.

Question 15

What key mechanism of humoral immunity is involved upon antigen binding, B cells become activated (often with help from Helper T cells)?

Answer 15

Activation of B cells.

Question 16

What key mechanism of humoral immunity involves activated B cells differentiating into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies that:
* Neutralize pathogens
* Promote opsonization (tagging pathogens for
phagocytosis)
* Activate the complement system?

Answer 16

Antibody production.

Question 17

What key mechanism of humoral immunity provides long-term
immunity by responding rapidly to future exposures to the same antigen?

Answer 17

Memory B cells.

Question 18

Protein produced by the adaptive immune system in response to the presence of antigen is known as?

Answer 18

Antibodies.

Question 19

γ-globulin or immunoglobulin is another term for?

Answer 19

Antibody.

Question 20

What type of cells produce antibodies?

Answer 20

Plasma cells.

Question 21

An antibody structure involves glycoproteins shaped like a ?

Answer 21

Y.

Question 22

How many heavy chains and how many light chains are in an antibody structure?

Answer 22

2 heavy chains.
2 light chains.

Question 23

How many domains is the light chains made up of and how many domains is the heavy chain made up of?

Answer 23

Light chains are made up of two domains.
Heavy chains are made up of four domains.

Question 24

What are heavy chains connected by?

Answer 24

Covalent disulfide bridges.

Question 25

What are the 5 types of Immunoglobulin classes?

Answer 25

1. IgM 2. IgD 3. IgG 4. IgA 5. IgE

Question 26

What type of immunoglobulin class is the first responder during an infection?

Answer 26

IgM.

Question 27

What type of immunoglobulin class is primarily a B cell receptor and has a more limited role compared to other immunoglobulins?

Answer 27

IgD.

Question 28

What type of immunoglobulin class is the most abundant and versatile antibody, critical for long-term immunity?

Answer 28

IgG.

Question 29

What type of immunoglobulin class protects mucosal surfaces and is a key player in passive immunity to newborns?

Answer 29

IgA.

Question 30

What type of immunoglobulin class is essential for defense against parasitic infections and is involved in allergic reactions.

Answer 30

IgE.

Question 31

Describe primary and secondary humoral responses.

Answer 31

The primary response to the first antigen generates memory cells that give rise to the enhanced secondary response to first antigen.

Question 32

List the three key mechanism of cell mediated immunity.

Answer 32

1. Antigen presentation 2. Activation of T cells 3. Memory T cells

Question 33

What key mechanism of cell mediated immunity involves Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) display antigens on their surface using MHC molecules to activate T cells?

Answer 33

Antigen presentation.

Question 34

What key mechanism of cell mediated immunity involves: * Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ T cells): Destroy infected or abnormal cells by inducing apoptosis. * Helper T cells (CD4+ T cells): Coordinate the immune response by releasing cytokines to recruit and activate other immune cells, including B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages?

Answer 34

Activation of T cells.

Question 35

What key mechanism of cell mediated immunity provides long-lasting immunity by ensuring a faster response upon re-exposure to the same antigen?

Answer 35

Memory T cells.

Question 36

What are the two major populations of T cells?

Answer 36

CD4 and CD8.

Question 37

What type of cells usually become helper T (TH) cells that help activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages, and direct the adaptive immune response?

Answer 37

CD4.

Question 38

What type of cells sometimes become regulatory T (Treg) cells, which moderate the immune response?

Answer 38

CD4.

Question 39

What type of cells become cytotoxic T (TC) cells that destroy cells in the body that harbour anything foreign?

Answer 39

CD8.