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AP World SHEs > Imperialism In The 1800s > Flashcards

Imperialism In The 1800s Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between the locations of the first vs the second wave of conquests?

A

The first wave occurred in Western hemisphere (Americas) while the seconds wave occurred in Afro-Eurasia

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2
Q

What are the differences between major imperialists between the first vs & second wave of conquests?

A

The First-Wave was led by France, England, Spain, Portugal, & Netherlands while in the Second-Wave England, France, & Netherlands were still big colonizers with the addition of Germany, the US, Italy, Belgium, and Japan. Spain & Portugal only played a minor role in the Second-Wave.

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3
Q

What are the differences between the way colonies were ruled between the first & the second wave of conquests?

A

In the First-Wave colonies were directly ruled by the “parent country” with formal government structures while in the Second-Wave colonies were ruled indirectly through local rulers & economic control

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4
Q

What were 8 European motives for colonization from 1750-1900s?

A
  • European Racism
  • Humanitarian Reasons
  • Social and economic opportunities
  • European nationalism
  • Missionary Activitiy
  • Millitary & Naval bases
  • Places to dump unwanted excess population
  • Source for Raw Materials
  • Markets for finished goods
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5
Q

What were technological innovations from the Industrial Revolution that facilitated the Second-Wave of European colonization by allowing Europeans to go to new places?

A
  • Railroads
  • Steamships (Suez Canal) connecting Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean
  • Quinine (anti-malaria drug) useful in the tropics
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6
Q

What were technological innovations from the Industrial Revolution that facilitated the Second-Wave of European colonization by allowing Europeans to conquer easier?

A
  • Repeating rifles & machine guns
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7
Q

What was a technological innovation from the Industrial Revolution that facilitated the Second-Wave of European colonization by enabling near instaneous communication?

A
  • Trans-oceanic telegraph cable
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8
Q

What did Europeans see Asians and Africans as which was a change from the past?

A

Culturally Inferior

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9
Q

How did Europeans’ perception of Chinese people change as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

A

They went from being respected academics & merchants to being weak, deceptive, & “yellow” threats to society

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10
Q

How did Europeans’ perception of African people change as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

A

African people went from being seen as kings & nations to “tribes and huts”

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11
Q

How did Europeans’ perception of American native people change as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

A

They went from being seen as fur traders & guides to “savages”

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12
Q

How did Europeans’ perception of Pacific Islander people change as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

A

They became to be seen as “children”

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13
Q

What is Darwinism?

A
  • Theory of Evolution
  • Natural Selection
  • Species that are adapted to survive will survive at the expense of species that aren’t
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14
Q

What is Social Darwinism?

A
  • Applies Darwin’s theories to countries, races. & human society
  • The nations that “survive” are the ones who dominate others
  • Wars, conquest, & making strong empires are seen as “natural selection”
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15
Q

What is the “White Man’s Burden”?

A
  • European white men (superior race, religion, culture) have the obligation (the burden) of “civilizing” the non-white, non-Christian, and non-European world
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16
Q

What was the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

A

Europeans decided how to split up Africa and no Africans were present

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17
Q

How was Africa Colonized from 1750-1900?

A
  • Scramble for Africa occurred rapidly
  • Some areas signed agreements (willingly or coerced) with Europeans that turned them into “protectorates” like Buganda
  • Some areas fought against European encroachment like South Africa
  • Some states remained independent like Ethiopia who defeated the Italians
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18
Q

Who was Cecil Rhodes?

A

A British businessmen and colonial minister of Rhodesia and South Africa. Inspired the creation of “The Colossus Rhodes”

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19
Q

Which country colonized India in the second-wave of imperialism & how were they controlled?

A

Britain & they were ruled by the British East India Company and were ruled indirectly at first

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20
Q

Which country colonized the Spice Islands (Indonesia) in the second-wave of imperialism how were they controlled?

A

The Dutch & they were initially ruled indirectly through the Dutch East India Company at first

21
Q

What places did Japan colonize in the second-wave of imperialism in the 1750s - 1900s?

A

Taiwan & Korea (emulating Europeans)

22
Q

What colonies did the US have in the 1750s - 1900s and how did they gain control of that region?

A

The Philippines after defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War in 1898

23
Q

What places did France colonize in the second-wave of imperialism in the 1750s - 1900s?

A

Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, & Cambodia) & Algeria

24
Q

How did Siam (Thailand) remain independent from 1750-1900 despite Asian imperialism of all of its neighbors?

A

Through diplomacy

25
Q

What was life under the Westerners like for Asian colonies from the 18th-20th century in general?

A
  • Generally associated with hardships & atrocities especially when violence was involved (rebellions & uprisings)
  • Race was a defining feature
  • Western-style education was offered to some; Christianity to all
  • New identities of “tribe” & “clan” were created
  • More people involved in cash-crop plantation & resource extraction to Europe
  • Statute Labor
  • Internal Migrations as Africans moved to work land owned by Europeans
26
Q

What was Apartheid?

A

An example of legal racial segregation forced upon South Africans

27
Q

Who did Europeans rely on to implement policies and did they benefit?

A

Local Rulers and they benefitted

28
Q

What’s an example of a political problem created by Europeans for their colonial subjects?

A

The Hotus & Tutis War in Rwanda (1994)

29
Q

What was Statute Labor?

A

A system of unpaid labor of state building within colonies in the 1750s-1900s such as railroads and canals, etc

30
Q

What are specific examples of places Africans moved to work land owned by Europeans from 1750-1900?

A
  • Farms
  • Mines
  • Colonial Cities
31
Q

What religious change was enforced by British rulers in the 1750s-1900s compared to the Mughal Empire?

A

The British enforced rigid Hindu distinctions of Caste which clearly divided Hindus, Muslims, & Sikhs

32
Q

What was the Cultivation System & were was it enforced?

A

A system that required peasants to use 20%+ of their land for cash-crops

33
Q

What were the effects of the Cultivation System in Indonesia?

A
  • Enriched Dutch & local authorities
  • Led to food shortages & starvation in some cases & led to environmental degradation
34
Q

How were African colonial women & men affected by European colonial rule from 1750-1900?

A
  • Men took over cash-crop production
  • Women left to work in subsitence farms nearly alone where their workload increased while their wealth did not
  • Men migrated to cities while women remained on traditional farm
  • Some women gained social & economic independence from their husbands
35
Q

What did King Leopold II of Belgium force upon his people in the Belgian Congo in the 19th century & what did it lead to?

A

King Leopold II of Belgium imposed the forced labor of harvesting rubber and as a result not enough people were working on subsistence agriculture which led to widespread starvation & atrocities when quotas weren’t met

36
Q

What are some ways that colonial people adopted Western Ideas from 1750-1900?

A
  • Some colonial peoples attained a Western education
  • Some adopt European language, clothing, and ideas of race & gender
  • Christianity did not widely spread in Asian colonies, but was very profound in non-Muslim sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania
  • Christianity gets “syncretized” with native Africans and Oceanic beliefs
37
Q

What’s an example of colonial person who attained a Western-style education?

A

Gandhi who studied in London, worked as a lawyer in India, worked as a lawyer in South Africa, and then returned to India to work for independence.

38
Q

How did colonization occur in Pacific Oceania?

A
  • Pattern similar to conquests of Americas
  • Native population was very susceptible to disease & starvation (75%+ mortality)
  • Became “neo-European” settler colonies like Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii
  • Indentured Servitude to compensate for the loss of native population
39
Q

Which 2 states continued contiguous territorial expansion during the 1800s?

A
  • The United States across the West
  • Russia across Siberia
40
Q

What ways did Europeans in the US attempt to assimilate indigenous Americans?

A
  • Forced them to speak English & practice Christianity
  • “Kill the Indians but save the man”
41
Q

what migration occurred as a result of the abolition of slavery?

A

Indian laborers on British plantations & mines in the Caribbean & Africa to make up for loss of slaves

42
Q

Where did Indian laborers migrate to in the late 19th & early 20th century?

A

British plantations & mines in the Caribbean & Africa

43
Q

Where did Chinese laborers migrate to in the late 19th & early 20th century & what did they do there?

A

Southeast Asia, Pacific Oceania, and Africa growing sugar, rubber, coffee, tobacco, etc

44
Q

What policies were put in place by the US, Australia, Canada, & New Zealand after filling their desired labor as a response to Asian migrations?

A

Anti-Chinese Immigration policies

45
Q

What prompted the creation of “Chinatowns” across the world?

A

Chinese laborer migrations

46
Q

What are some examples of resistance to colonialism in the 19th and early 20th century?

A
  • The Sepoy Rebellion in India
  • The Wounded Knee Massacre in the US
  • Maji Maji Uprising in Tanzania
  • Xhosa Cattle Killings in South Africa
47
Q

How did indirect rule work in the 19th and 20th century?

A
  • Rulers in Africa & Asia collaborated with colonizing powers
  • These rulers “technically” were still in charge but they implemented these policies of the “parent” country
48
Q

What were the benefits of Indirect Rule for Asian and African leaders during the 19th & 20th century?

A
  • They still kept their wealth & power
  • But had an opportunity to gain a “Western Education”

AP World SHEs (19 decks)

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