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AP World SHEs > The End Of Empires > Flashcards

The End Of Empires Flashcards

1
Q

Why did almost every colony in Africa & Asia gain independence after WW2?

A
  • Colonies are too expensive to maintain
  • Europeans appeared hypocritical after they defeated dictators during WW2 acted like dictators themselves when ruling over their colonies
  • Growing nationalism in colonies
  • Superpowers in the Cold War both advocated for national self-determination
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2
Q

What is national self-determination?

A

The idea that people can govern themselves

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3
Q

What’s the Global South?

A
  • Describes the newly-independent nations after WW2
  • AKA industrializing/developing nations
  • AKA Third world nations during 20th century
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4
Q

What are examples of 1st world countries after WW2?

A
  • US & Europe
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5
Q

What are examples of 2nd World countries after WW2?

A
  • USSR
  • China
  • Other communist states
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6
Q

What are 5 examples of problems in the Global South?

A
  • Poverty
  • Increasing population
  • Lack of infrastructure
  • Global trade which keeps poor nations poor
  • Political instability
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7
Q

What’s an example of a region that’s usually considered the Global South even though most of the nations within the region were independent before WW2?

A

Latin America

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8
Q

What was the Latin American economy reliant on that caused issues for the nations after WW2?

A

The exportation of raw materials

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9
Q

What are examples of regions that shared a similar economy to Latin America prior to WW2?

A

African and Asian colonies

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10
Q

Who often ruled Latin American countries during the 1900s?

A

Caudillos or other dictators

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11
Q

What’s an example of a communist/nationalist revolution against “economic imperialism” of US?

A
  • Cuban Revolution
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12
Q

How did the colonization of Latin America in the 1450s-1700 & the colonization of Asian & African nations from 1750-1900 lead to economic problems after WW2?

A

Economies of most countries were built around production of 1 or 2 cash crops during colonization

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13
Q

What’s an example of how “Global South” nations attempted to rebuild their economies after WW2?

A
  • Import substitution industrialization
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14
Q

What was Import Substitution Industrialization?

A
  • Nations restrict imports of foreign goods and instead produce them domestically
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15
Q

Why was there political instability within Global South nations (Ecspecially Africa) after they gained independence?

A
  • European nations created borders that ignored cultural differences between various groups
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16
Q

What’s an example of a cultural/political problem that “Global South” countries had as a result of colonization?

A

Lots of political instability since European countries made borders that ignored cultural differences between various groups

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17
Q

What’s an example of a political problem within “Global South” countries caused by undemocratic rule by Europeans

A

“Global South” countries didn’t have established democracies so they struggled with building and maintaining democracies

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18
Q

What’s a political result of governments failing to deliver on promises?

A

Many governments were replaced by millitary dictators

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19
Q

What’s a political effect that the Cold War had on “Global South” nations?

A

Many nations chose a policy of non-alignment to avoid being controlled by US & USSR and Proxy Wars within their nation. Oftentimes it was difficult to mantain neutrality

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20
Q

What was the Indian case of Decolonization?

A

India peacefully gained independence from Britain but got it in 2 separate states, India & Pakistan causing the Partition.

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21
Q

What was the Indian National Congress?

A

Main organization for Indian nationalism

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22
Q

Who was the leader of the India National Congress?

A

Mohandis Gandhi

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23
Q

What policies did Mohandis Gandhi fight for?

A
  • Greater roles for women
  • A secular nation-state for all Indians despite religion
  • Greater roles for lower castes
24
Q

What religion was Mohandis Gandhi?

A

Hindu

25
Q

What type of confrontation did Gandhi use?

A
  • Nonviolent confrontation
26
Q

What are some examples of ways Mohandis Gandhi led nonviolent confrontation against the British?

A
  • Fasting as protest
  • Marches to the Sea
27
Q

What was Satyagraha?

A

“Truth force”

28
Q

What was Mohandis Ghandi opposed to?

A

Industrialization

29
Q

Who was Jawaharlal Nehru?

A
  • INC leader with Ghandi
  • Pro-industry
  • Pro-science
  • Pro-technology
30
Q

What was the All-India Muslim League?

A

A group that advocated specifically for Indian Muslims

31
Q

Who was Muhammad Ali Jinnah?

A

Leader of Muslim League

32
Q

When did British give India independence known as the Partion of India?

A

1947

33
Q

What happened during the Partioning of India?

A
  • India (Hindus) vs East & West Pakistan (Muslims)
  • Up to 2 million dead in violence, 20 million refugees
34
Q

When did East Pakistan form its own independent country and what was the name of it?

A

Bangladesh in 1971

35
Q

What was the Indian National Congress’s perspective on Indian independence compared to the perspective of the All-India Muslim League?

A
  • The INC (Gandhi and Nehru) wanted a secular (non-religious) state for ALL Indians regardless of religion
  • The All-India Muslim League (Muhammad Ali Jinnah) was afraid that Muslims in a majority-Hindu country would be persecuted so they wanted a separate state for Indian Muslims
36
Q

What were the effects of unclear unofficial borders between Pakistan and India during the Partition?

A
  • Lots of chaos and confusion as people tried to figure out what country they were in
37
Q

What was the result of millions of migrants crossing the border during the Partition of India?

A
  • Religious violence
  • Ethnic violence
38
Q

What are some examples of migrations during the Partition?

A
  • Muslims fled from India to Pakistan
  • Hindus & Sikhs fled from Pakistan to India
39
Q

What was Gandhi’s reaction to the Partition?

A
  • He was heartbroken by the Partition and all the violence
  • Continued working for Indian peace and unity even after the Partition
40
Q

Who assantinated Gandhi in 1948 and why?

A

A Hindu nationalist
- Blieved Gandhi was “too soft” on Pakistani Muslims
- Blamed Gandhi for the violence resulting from the Partition

41
Q

What is Kashmir?

A
  • A region between northern India and Northern Pakistan
  • Border remains unclear between the countries
  • Since 1947, India and Pakistan have fought 4 wars, mostly over the status of this territory
42
Q

What was the main cause of Indian-Pakistan wars since 1947?

A

The territory of Kashmir

43
Q

What are the majority religions of the 3 modern-day countries that made up the colony of India?

A

India: mostly Hindu
Pakistan & Bangladesh: most Muslim

44
Q

What was the ethnicity of South Africa?

A

80% Black
20% White

45
Q

Who colonized South Africa & when did South Africa gain its independence?

A

The Dutch then British.
It became independent by 1934

46
Q

What ethnicity took power of South Africa after it gained its independence from the British in 1934?

A
  • The White minority
47
Q

What policy did the White minority impose that caused social & political problems?

A

Apartheid which was the legal segregation between Blacks and Whites

48
Q

What parties did the Whites control in South Africa?

A
  • The Afrikaners and the National Party
49
Q

What political party opposed Apartheid and who led it?

A
  • African National Congress which was led by Nelson Mandela
50
Q

What ways did the African National Congress protest Apartheid & what was the immediate result?

A
  • Violent protest and strikes
  • Mandela was imprisoned from 1964-1990 for sabotage and bombing
51
Q

What factor most contributed to the end of Apartheid & when were free national elections allowed?

A

International Pressure and in 1994

52
Q

What’s the racist Modernization Theory?

A
  • Wealthy nations became wealthy because early on they were able to develop the necessary beliefs, values, and practices for trade, industrialization, and rapid economic growth to occur
  • Poor nations remain poor because they failed to develop these beliefs, values, and practices, instead, they continued to follow traditional beliefs that stymied industrial development and industrialization
53
Q

What’s the Dependency Theory (not racist)?

A
  • The poverty of poor nations stems from their colonization by European nations, which exploited the poor nations’ resources and either enslaved their populations or used them as cheap labor
  • The colonized nations were thus unable to develop a professional and business class that would have enabled them to enter the industrial age and to otherwise develop their economies
54
Q

What does the acronym W.E.I.R.D country stand for and what does it describe?

A

W. Western
E. Educated
I. Industrialized
R. Rich
D. Democratic
- The Global North

55
Q

Which countries were simply given independence in the 1900s?

A
  • Phillipines from US
  • India and Ghana by England
56
Q

Which countries fought wars of Independence during the 1900s from European colonizers?

A

Indonesia
Mozambique

AP World SHEs (19 decks)

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