Important (Exam 1)

Question 1

Lacks a true membrane- delimited nucleus

Answer 1

procaryotic cells

Question 2

have a membrane-enclosed nucleus.

Answer 2

eucaryotic cells

Question 3

___ cells are more complex morphologically and are usually larger than ___ cells

Answer 3

eucaryotic, procaryotic

Question 4

True or false: No viruses can live in a host in a life long infection

Answer 4

false

Question 5

life on Earth maybe how old?

Answer 5

3.5 billion years old

Question 6

For every A on one strand there’s a __ on the other

Answer 6

T

Question 7

Bacteria & Archaea increases genetic pool by ___ genes transfer within the same ___

Answer 7

horizontal, generation

Question 8

what was the result of Swan Neck Flask Experiment?

Answer 8

no growth of microorganism

Question 9

Still used today to establish the link between a particular microorganism and a particular disease

Answer 9

Koch’s Postulates

Question 10

preparation and staining of specimen increases ___ of specimens

Answer 10

visibility

Question 11

makes internal and external structures of cell more visible by increasing contrast with the background

Answer 11

dyes

Question 12

prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in ___ and simplicity

Answer 12

size

Question 13

arrangement is determined by two things:

Answer 13

place of division and separation or not

Question 14

divides microorganism into groups based on their staining properties

Answer 14

differential staining

Question 15

___ stain used to detect presence or absence of structures

Answer 15

differential

Question 16

Most widely used differential staining procedure

Answer 16

gram staining

Question 17

gram staining dives bacteria into two groups, gram __ & gram __ based on difference in ___ structure

Answer 17

positive, negative, cell wall

Question 18

heated, double- staining technique

Answer 18

endospore staining

Question 19

true or false: bacterial endospore is one color and vegetative cell is a different color

Answer 19

true

Question 20

used to visualize polysaccharide capsules surrounded bacteria

Answer 20

capsule stain

Question 21

__ stained capsules maybe colrless against a strained background

Answer 21

negative

Question 22

mordant applied to increase thickness of flagella

Answer 22

flagella staining

Question 23

in electron microscopy, __ replace light as the ‘illuminating’ beam.

Answer 23

electron

Question 24

__ __ of electron beam is much shorter than light, resulting in __ resolution

Answer 24

wave length, higher

Question 25

allows for study of microbial morphology in great detail

Answer 25

electron microscopy

Question 26

when it comes to transmission electron microscope, electrons scatter when they __ (A)through __(Aa) section of a specimen, however electrons __ (B) off of a __ (Bb) section

Answer 26

A: pass Aa: thin B: bounce Bb: thick

Question 27

transmitted electrons are under vacuum which )) scatter and are used to produce clear image

Answer 27

reduces

Question 28

__ regions in specimen scatter __ electrons and appear __

Answer 28

denser, more, darker

Question 29

Cocci (S. coccus) is __ shaped

Answer 29

sphere

Question 30

coccobacili, very short rods

Answer 30

bacili (S. bacillus)

Question 31

resemble rods, comma shaped

Answer 31

vibrious

Question 32

rigid helices

Answer 32

siprilla

Question 33

network for long multinucleate filaments

Answer 33

mycelium

Question 34

organisms that are variable in shape

Answer 34

pleomorphic

Question 35

flexible helices

Answer 35

spirochetes

Question 36

when it comes to bacterial cell organization, all cells have a ___

Answer 36

plasmid

Question 37

bacterial cell common features include cytoplasm and __

Answer 37

cell envelope

Question 38

true or false: a cell wall is a membrane, not a layer

Answer 38

false

Question 39

what are the three layers of a cell envelope

Answer 39

cell wall, plasma membrane, and layers outside the cell wall

Question 40

absolute requirements for all living things and encompasses the cytoplasm

Answer 40

plasma membrane

Question 41

what if you do not get enough amino acids through your diet?

Answer 41

they sacrifice proteins

Question 42

molecules move from region of higher concentration to one lower concentration between the cell's interior and exterior

Answer 42

passive diffusion

Question 43

These 3 compounds often move across membranes through passive diffusion

Answer 43

H2O, O2, CO2

Question 44

uses ion gradients to cotransport substances

Answer 44

Secondary Active Transport

Question 45

why are bacteria cell wall important to cells?

Answer 45

keep from too much water coming in

Question 46

why are bacteria cell wall important to us?

Answer 46

cell walls is what vaccines target to eliminate bacterial infection

Question 47

composed primarily of peptidogylcan and may also contain teichoic acids

Answer 47

gram positive cell walls

Question 48

which wil be more effective: penicillin or lysozymeses on non-dividing cells? why?

Answer 48

lysozymes because it works directly on the cell wall

Question 49

complex protein/ RNA structures

Answer 49

ribosomes

Question 50

why do bacteria have to divide instead of getting bigger?

Answer 50

due to changes in volume. they survive by diffusion so things have to diffuse in the cell. smaller the cell the easier to get the molecules where it needs to be.

Question 51

amphipathic lipids contains

Answer 51

polar ends and non-polar tails

Question 52

polar ends or non polar tails are hydrophilic?

Answer 52

polar ends

Question 53

polar ends or non polar tails are hydrophobic?

Answer 53

non polar ends

Question 54

membrane proteins

Answer 54

peripheral and intergal

Question 55

loosely connected to membrane

Answer 55

peripheral

Question 56

marcolements/ marconutrients found in organic molecules such as proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids

Answer 56

C, O, H, N, S, P

Question 57

required in relatively large amounts. the cations serve in variety of roles including assisting enzymes and biosynthesis . Under macrocolements

Answer 57

K, Ca, Mg, and Fe

Question 58

Growth factor classes includes:

Answer 58

amino acids purines and pyrimidines vitamins heme

Question 59

integral is under membrane proteins are is ___ which is embedded within membrane and carries out important functions

Answer 59

amphipathic

Question 60

true or false: peripheral, under membrane proteins, can be easily removed?

Answer 60

true

Question 61

micronutrients work to assist enzymes which are called

Answer 61

cofactors

Question 62

what are the REQUIRED MICROnutrients (trace elements)

Answer 62

Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, and Cu

Question 63

True or false: Micronutrients arent ubiquitous

Answer 63

false

Question 64

similar to passive diffusion but the movement of molecules is NOT energy dependent

Answer 64

facilitated diffusion

Question 65

facilitated diffusion direction of movement is from ___ concentration to ___ concentration

Answer 65

high to low

Question 66

for facilitated diffusion, __ of concentration gradient impacts rate of ___

Answer 66

size, uptake

Question 67

Facilitated diffusion differs from passive diffusion because it uses membrane bound carrier molecules called

Answer 67

permeases

Question 68

facilitated diffusion differs from passive diffusion because it requires ___ concentration gradient for significant uptake of molecules

Answer 68

smaller

Question 69

Secondary Active Transport uses ion gradients to cotransport substances, what are the three?

Answer 69

protons, symport, and antiport

Question 70

list 3 of cell wall functions

Answer 70

maintains shape of bacterium, help protect cell from osmotic lysis & toxic material, and may contribute to pathogenicity

Question 71

rigid structure lying just outside the cell plasma membrane

Answer 71

peptidoglycan

Question 72

gram positive stains ___ and has a ___ peptidoglycan

Answer 72

purple, thick

Question 73

gram negative stains ___ or red; has __ peptidoglycan and __ ___

Answer 73

pink, think, outer membrane

Question 74

teichoic acids (negatively charged) help maintain ___, protect from environmental substances, and may bind to ___ ___

Answer 74

cell envelope, host cells

Question 75

some gram- positive bacteria have layer of ___ on surface of peptidoglycan

Answer 75

proteins

Question 76

gram stain reaction due to nature of what?

Answer 76

cell wall

Question 77

shrinkage of the pores of peptidoglycan layer of gram positive cells prevents loss of ___ ___ during ___ step

Answer 77

crystal violet, decolorization

Question 78

thinner ___ layer and ___ pores of gram NEGATIVE bacteria does not precent loss of crystal violet

Answer 78

peptidoglycan, larger

Question 79

what can be used to remove/ extract some lipids from outer layer of gram-negative cell wall, making crystal violet dye removal easier

Answer 79

alcohol

Question 80

homologs of all 3 ___ cytoskeletal elements have been identified in bacteria

Answer 80

eukaryotic

Question 81

extrachromosomal DNA, found in bacteria/archaea/some fungi. usually small closed circular DNA molecules

Answer 81

plasmid

Question 82

Plasmids exist and replicate independently of

Answer 82

Chromosome

Question 83

short, thin, hair like protein appendages

Answer 83

Fimbria (s. fimbria); pili (s. pilus)

Question 84

Fimbriae and Pili can mediate attachment to surfaces, motility, and ___ uptake

Answer 84

DNA

Question 85

longer, thicker, less numerous. required for conjugation

Answer 85

sex pili

Question 86

sex pili has genes for formation on

Answer 86

plasmids

Question 87

threadlike, locomotor appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall

Answer 87

flagella

Question 88

functions of flagella (3)

Answer 88

motility and swarming behavior attachment to surfaces may be virulence factors

Question 89

thin, rigid protein structures that cannot be observed with bright field microscopes unless specially stained

Answer 89

bacterial flagella

Question 90

rotates like a propeller; counter close wise rotation causes forward motion (run) and clock wise disrupts run causing cells to stop and tumblr

Answer 90

bacterial flagellar