chapter 9 notes

Question 1

when it comes to protein synthesis inhibitors, many antibiotics bind specifically to the bacterial ___ where the binding can be 30s(small) or 50s(large) __ unit

Answer 1

ribosome;ribosomal

Question 2

other antibiotics inhibit a step in __ ___

Answer 2

protein synthesis

Question 3

what kind of antibiotics have large group all with a cyclohexane ring and amino sugars?

Answer 3

aminoglycoside

Question 4

Aminoglycoside antibiotics bind to 30s ribosomal unit; interferes with protein synthesis by directly inhibiting the process and by causing misreading of the __ ___

Answer 4

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 5

Aminoglycoside induced mutation (stop codon read through) as a therapeutic strategy for __ ___ __

Answer 5

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Question 6

cholrtetracycline and doxycline are under

Answer 6

tetracycline

Question 7

have 4 ring structure to which a variety of side chains are attached

Answer 7

tetracyclines

Question 8

are broad spectrum, bacteria isolated

Answer 8

tetracyclines

Question 9

tetracyclines combine with 30s ribosomal subunit where it inhibits the bind of inhibits bind of aminoacyl-tRNA molecules to the A site of the ___

Answer 9

ribosome

Question 10

contains 12-22-carbon lactone rings linked to one or more sugars

Answer 10

macrolides

Question 11

broad spectrum, usually bacteriostatic and binds to 23s of 50s ribosomal rRNA subunit (which it inhibits the peptide chain elongation)

Answer 11

erythromycin

Question 12

used for patients allergic to penicillin

Answer 12

eryhtromycin

Question 13

____ now is chemically synthesized. binds to 23s rRNA on 50s ribosomal subunit and inhibits __ ___ ___

Answer 13

chloramphenicol; peptidyl transferase reaction

Question 14

toxic with numerous side effects so only used in life- threatening situations

Answer 14

chloramphenicol

Question 15

interferes with protein synthesis in MICROBES

Answer 15

lincosamines

Question 16

lincosamines are produced by what kind of bacteria?

Answer 16

streptomyces

Question 17

lincosamines are used sparingly because they can support (indirectly) the growth of what bacteria that can result in other disease states?

Answer 17

C. difficile

Question 18

Clindamycin is used to treat infections caused by __ ___ as well as some staphylococal and streptococcal infections

Answer 18

Bacteroides fragilis

Question 19

metabolic antagonists acts as ___

Answer 19

antimetabolites

Question 20

antimetabolites antagonize or block functioning of metabolic pathways by competitively inhibiting the use of metabolites by key ___

Answer 20

enzymes

Question 21

metabolic antagonists are structural ___

Answer 21

analogs

Question 22

___ are molecules that are structurally similar to and compete with naturally occurring metabolic intermediates; blocks normal cell metabolism

Answer 22

analogs

Question 23

Structurally related to sulfanilamide, a para aminobenzoic acid (PABA) analog

Answer 23

sulfonamides or sulfa drugs

Question 24

When it comes to sulfa drugs, PABA is used for the synthesis of __ __ and is made by many __

Answer 24

folic acid, pathogens

Question 25

sulfa drugs are selectively toxic due to competitive inhibition of:

Answer 25

folic acid synthesis enzymes

Question 26

synthetic antibiotic that also interferes with folic acid production

Answer 26

trimethoprim

Question 27

Trimethoprim is broad spectrum and can be combined with __ ___ to increase efficiency of treatment: combination of these drugs blocks two steps in what pathway?

Answer 27

sulfa drugs, folic acid

Question 28

trimpethoprim has a variety of side effects including abdominal pain and __ reactions

Answer 28

photosensitive

Question 29

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition has a variety of mechanisms including blocking:

Answer 29

DNA replication and transcription

Question 30

when it comes to Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition, when it blocks the transcription it actually causes inhibition of

Answer 30

RNA polymerase

Question 31

when it comes to Nucleic acid synthesis inhibition, when it blocks the DNA replication it actually inhibits of __ ___ and also of __ __

Answer 31

DNA polymerase and DNA helicase

Question 32

fewer effective agents cause of similarity of eukaryotic fungal cells and human cells also (many have low therapeutic index and are toxic)

Answer 32

antifungal drugs

Question 33

when it comes to antifungal drugs easier to treat superficial mycoses than __ infections

Answer 33

systematic

Question 34

broad spectrum, synthetic drugs containing the 4-quinolone ring

Answer 34

quinolones

Question 35

___ acid first synthesized quinolone (1962)

Answer 35

nalidixic

Question 36

quinolones act by inhibiting bacterial __-___ and ___ II

Answer 36

DNA- gyrase and topisomerase

Question 37

example of superficial mycoses is

Answer 37

candida

Question 38

Superficial mycoses disrupt ___ permeability and inhibit ___l synthesis

Answer 38

membrane, sterol

Question 39

superficial mycoses disrupts __ __; may inhibit protein and DNA synthesis

Answer 39

mitotic spindle

Question 40

systemic mycoses 3 common drugs for treatment are:

Answer 40

amphoterian B, 5- flucytosine, and fluconazole

Question 41

what does the drug amphoterian B do?

Answer 41

binds sterols in membranes

Question 42

what does the drug 5-fluctyosine do?

Answer 42

disrupts RNA function

Question 43

what does the drug fluconazole do?

Answer 43

low side effects, used prophetically

Question 44

antiviral drug development has been slow due to its difficulty to specifically target __ ___

Answer 44

viral replication

Question 45

antiviral drugs currently used inhibits virus-specific __ ad life cycle processes

Answer 45

enzymes

Question 46

used to prevent influenza infections

Answer 46

amantidine

Question 47

how does amantidine work?

Answer 47

blocks penetration and uncoating of influenza virus

Question 48

anti-virus agent: a neuraminidase inhibitor

Answer 48

tamiflu

Question 49

inhibits neuraminidase

Answer 49

oseltamivir

Question 50

antiviral drugs for herpes virus :

Answer 50

acyclovir, Adenine arabinoside (vidarabine), Valacyclovir | , Ganciclovir, Foscarnet

Question 51

inhibits herpes virus DNA polyemerase; thymidine kinase

Answer 51

acyclovir

Question 52

inhibits herpes virus enzymes involved in DNA and RNA synthesis and function involved in DNA and RNA synthesis and function

Answer 52

Adenine arabinoside (vidarabine)

Question 53

inhibits herpes virus DNA polymerase

Answer 53

Foscarnet

Question 54

inhibits viral DNA polymerase papovaviruses, adenoviruses, herpesviruses iridoviruses, and poxviruses

Answer 54

HPMPC (cidofovir)

Question 55

nucleoside RT inhibitors | non-nucleoside RT inhibitors

Answer 55

Reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors

Question 56

mimic peptide bond that is normally attacked by the protease

Answer 56

Protease inhibitors

Question 57

prevent HIV entry into cells

Answer 57

Fusion inhibitors

Question 58

Most successful anti-HIV drugs are drug cocktails to curtail __

Answer 58

resistance

Question 59

The mechanism of drug action for many antiprotozoal drugs is or isnt known

Answer 59

isnt known

Question 60

examples of some antiprotozoal drugs

Answer 60

- chloroquine and mefloquine - metronidazole - atovaquone

Question 61

some antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis are used against ___

Answer 61

protozoa

Question 62

chloroquine and mefloquine drugs are used for

Answer 62

malaria

Question 63

metronidazole drug is used for

Answer 63

Entamoeba infections

Question 64

atovaquone drug is used for

Answer 64

Pneumocystis carinii and Toxoplasma gondii